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In this paper, a time-dependent natural convective heat transfer in a closed square cavity filled with non- Newtonian fluid was considered in the presence of an isothermal energy source located on the lower wall of the region under consideration. The vertical boundaries were kept at constant low temperature, while the horizontal walls were completely insulated. The behavior of a non-Newtonian fluid was described by the Ostwald de Ville power law. The process under study was described by transient partial differential equations using dimensionless non-primitive variables “stream function – vorticity – temperature”. This method allows excluding the pressure field from the number of unknown parameters, while the non-dimensionalization allows generalizing the obtained results to a variety of physical formulations. The considered mathematical model with the corresponding boundary conditions was solved on the basis of the finite difference method. The algebraic equation for the stream function was solved by the method of successive lower relaxation. Discrete analogs of the vorticity equation and energy equation were solved by the Thomas algorithm. The developed numerical algorithm was tested in detail on a class of model problems and good agreement with other authors was achieved. Also during the study, the mesh sensitivity analysis was performed that allows choosing the optimal mesh.

As a result of numerical simulation of unsteady natural convection of a non-Newtonian power-law fluid in a closed square cavity with a local isothermal energy source, the influence of governing parameters was analyzed including the impact of the Rayleigh number in the range 104–106, power-law index $n = 0.6–1.4$, and also the position of the heating element on the flow structure and heat transfer performance inside the cavity. The analysis was carried out on the basis of the obtained distributions of streamlines and isotherms in the cavity, as well as on the basis of the dependences of the average Nusselt number. As a result, it was established that pseudoplastic fluids $(n < 1)$ intensify heat removal from the heater surface. The increase in the Rayleigh number and the central location of the heating element also correspond to the effective cooling of the heat source.

The article presents the results of a numerical study of the flow structure in a two-dimensional flat diffuser. A feature of diffusers is that they have a complex anisotropic turbulent flow, which occurs due to recirculation flows. The turbulent RANS models, which are based on the Boussinesq hypothesis, are not able to describe the flow in diffusers with sufficient accuracy. Because the Boussinesq hypothesis is based on isotropic turbulence. Therefore, to calculate anisotropic turbulent flows, models are used that do not use this hypothesis. One of such directions in turbulence modeling is the methods of Reynolds stresses. These methods are complex and require rather large computational resources. In this work, a relatively recently developed two-fluid turbulence model was used to study the flow in a flat diffuser. This model is developed on the basis of a two-fluid approach to the problem of turbulence. In contrast to the Reynolds approach, the two-fluid approach allows one to obtain a closed system of turbulence equations using the dynamics of two fluids. Consequently, if empirical equations are used in RANS models for closure, then in the two-fluid model the equations used are exact equations of dynamics. One of the main advantages of the two-fluid model is that it is capable of describing complex anisotropic turbulent flows. In this work, the obtained numerical results for the profiles of the longitudinal velocity, turbulent stresses in various sections of the channel, as well as the friction coefficient are compared with the known experimental data. To demonstrate the advantages of the used turbulence model, the numerical results of the Reynolds stress method EARSM are also presented. For the numerical implementation of the systems of equations of the two-fluid model, a non-stationary system of equations was used, the solution of which asymptotically approached the stationary solution. For this purpose, a finite-difference scheme was used, where the viscosity terms were approximated by the central difference implicitly, and for the convective terms, an explicit scheme against the flow of the second order of accuracy was used. The results are obtained for the Reynolds number Re = 20 000. It is shown that the two-fluid model, despite the use of a uniform computational grid without thickening near the walls, is capable of giving a more accurate solution than the rather complex Reynolds stress method with a high resolution of computational grids.

The article presented the computational algorithm developed to study chemical processes in the internal flows of a multicomponent gas under the influence of laser radiation. The mathematical model is the gas dynamics’ equations with chemical reactions at low Mach numbers. It takes into account dissipative terms that describe the dynamics of a viscous heat-conducting medium with diffusion, chemical reactions and energy supply by laser radiation. This mathematical model is characterized by the presence of several very different time and spatial scales. The computational algorithm is based on a splitting scheme by physical processes. Each time integration step is divided into the following blocks: solving the equations of chemical kinetics, solving the equation for the radiation intensity, solving the convection-diffusion equations, calculating the dynamic component of pressure and calculating the correction of the velocity vector. The solution of a stiff system of chemical kinetics equations is carried out using a specialized explicit second-order accuracy scheme or a plug-in RADAU5 module. Numerical Rusanov flows and a WENO scheme of an increased order of approximation are used to find convective terms in the equations. The code based on the obtained algorithm has been developed using MPI parallel computing technology. The developed code is used to calculate the pyrolysis of ethane with radical reactions. The superequilibrium concentrations’ formation of radicals in the reactor volume is studied in detail. Numerical simulation of the reaction gas flow in a flat tube with laser radiation supply is carried out, which is in demand for the interpretation of experimental results. It is shown that laser radiation significantly increases the conversion of ethane and yields of target products at short lengths closer to the entrance to the reaction zone. Reducing the effective length of the reaction zone allows us to offer new solutions in the design of ethane conversion reactors into valuable hydrocarbons. The developed algorithm and program will find their application in the creation of new technologies of laser thermochemistry.

We study an appearance of gravitational convection in a porous medium saturated by the double-diffusive fluid. The rectangle heated from below is considered with anisotropy of media properties. We analyze Darcy – Boussinesq equations for a binary fluid with Soret effect.

Resulting system for the stream function, the deviation of temperature and concentration is cosymmetric under some additional conditions for the parameters of the problem. It means that the quiescent state (mechanical equilibrium) loses its stability and a continuous family of stationary regimes branches off. We derive explicit formulas for the critical values of the Rayleigh numbers both for temperature and concentration under these conditions of the cosymmetry. It allows to analyze monotonic instability of mechanical equilibrium, the results of corresponding computations are presented.

A finite-difference discretization of a second-order accuracy is developed with preserving of the cosymmetry of the underlying system. The derived numerical scheme is applied to analyze the stability of mechanical equilibrium.

The appearance of stationary and nonstationary convective regimes is studied. The neutral stability curves for the mechanical equilibrium are presented. The map for the plane of the Rayleigh numbers (temperature and concentration) are displayed. The impact of the parameters of thermal diffusion on the Rayleigh concentration number is established, at which the oscillating instability precedes the monotonic instability. In the general situation, when the conditions of cosymmetry are not satisfied, the derived formulas of the critical Rayleigh numbers can be used to estimate the thresholds for the convection onset.

Numerical study of unsteady mixed convection in an open partially porous horizontal channel with a heatgenerating source was performed. The outer surfaces of horizontal walls of finite thickness were adiabatic. In the channel there was a Newtonian heat-conducting fluid with a temperature-dependent viscosity. The discrete heatconducting and heat-generating source is located inside the bottom wall. The temperature of the fluid phase was equal to the temperature of the porous medium, and calculations were performed using the local thermal equilibrium model. The porous insertion is isotropic, homogeneous and permeable to fluid. The Darcy–Brinkman model was used to simulate the transport process within the porous medium. Governing equations formulated in dimensionless variables “stream function – vorticity – temperature” using the Boussinesq approximation were solved numerically by the finite difference method. The vorticity dispersion equation and energy equation were solved using locally one-dimensional Samarskii scheme. The diffusive terms were approximated by central differences, while the convective terms were approximated using monotonic Samarskii scheme. The difference equations were solved by the Thomas algorithm. The approximated Poisson equation for the stream function was solved separately by successive over-relaxation method. Optimal value of the relaxation parameter was found on the basis of computational experiments. The developed computational code was tested using a set of uniform grids and verified by comparing the results obtained of other authors.

Numerical analysis of unsteady mixed convection of variable viscosity fluid in the horizontal channel with a heat-generating source was performed for the following parameters: $\mathrm{Pr} = 7.0$, $\varepsilon = 0.8$, $\mathrm{Gr} = 10^5$, $C = 0-1$, $10^{-5} < \mathrm{Da} < 10^{-1}$, $50 < \mathrm{Re} < 500$, $\delta = l/H = 0.6-3$. Distributions of the isolines of the stream function, temperature and the dependences of the average Nusselt number and the average temperature inside the heater were obtained in a steady-state regime, when the stationary picture of the flow and heat transfer is observed. As a result we showed that an addition of a porous insertion leads to an intensification of heat removal from the surface of the energy source. The increase in the porous insertion sizes and the use of working fluid with different thermal characteristics, lead to a decrease in temperature inside the source.

This work is devoted to the numerical study of high-speed mixing layers of compressible flows. The problem under consideration has a wide range of applications in practical tasks and, despite its apparent simplicity, is quite complex in terms of modeling. Because in the mixing layer, as a result of the instability of the tangential discontinuity of velocities, the flow passes from laminar flow to turbulent mode. Therefore, the obtained numerical results of the considered problem strongly depend on the adequacy of the used turbulence models. In the presented work, this problem is studied based on the two-fluid approach to the problem of turbulence. This approach has arisen relatively recently and is developing quite rapidly. The main advantage of the two-fluid approach is that it leads to a closed system of equations, when, as is known, the long-standing Reynolds approach leads to an open system of equations. The paper presents the essence of the two-fluid approach for modeling a turbulent compressible medium and the methodology for numerical implementation of the proposed model. To obtain a stationary solution, the relaxation method and Prandtl boundary layer theory were applied, resulting in a simplified system of equations. In the considered problem, high-speed flows are mixed. Therefore, it is also necessary to model heat transfer, and the pressure cannot be considered constant, as is done for incompressible flows. In the numerical implementation, the convective terms in the hydrodynamic equations were approximated by the upwind scheme with the second order of accuracy in explicit form, and the diffusion terms in the right-hand sides of the equations were approximated by the central difference in implicit form. The sweep method was used to implement the obtained equations. The SIMPLE method was used to correct the velocity through the pressure. The paper investigates a two-liquid turbulence model with different initial flow turbulence intensities. The obtained numerical results showed that good agreement with the known experimental data is observed at the inlet turbulence intensity of $0.1 < I < 1 \%$. Data from known experiments, as well as the results of the $k − kL + J$ and LES models, are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed turbulence model. It is demonstrated that the two-liquid model is as accurate as known modern models and more efficient in terms of computing resources.

The paper considers mathematical modeling of layered Benard–Marangoni convection of a viscous incompressible fluid. The fluid moves in an infinitely extended layer. The Oberbeck–Boussinesq system describing layered Benard–Marangoni convection is overdetermined, since the vertical velocity is zero identically. We have a system of five equations to calculate two components of the velocity vector, temperature and pressure (three equations of impulse conservation, the incompressibility equation and the heat equation). A class of exact solutions is proposed for the solvability of the Oberbeck–Boussinesq system. The structure of the proposed solution is such that the incompressibility equation is satisfied identically. Thus, it is possible to eliminate the «extra» equation. The emphasis is on the study of heat exchange on the free layer boundary, which is considered rigid. In the description of thermocapillary convective motion, heat exchange is set according to the Newton’s law of cooling. The application of this heat distribution law leads to the third-kind initial-boundary value problem. It is shown that within the presented class of exact solutions to the Oberbeck–Boussinesq equations the overdetermined initial-boundary value problem is reduced to the Sturm–Liouville problem. Consequently, the hydrodynamic fields are expressed using trigonometric functions (the Fourier basis). A transcendental equation is obtained to determine the eigenvalues of the problem. This equation is solved numerically. The numerical analysis of the solutions of the system of evolutionary and gradient equations describing fluid flow is executed. Hydrodynamic fields are analyzed by a computational experiment. The existence of counterflows in the fluid layer is shown in the study of the boundary value problem. The existence of counterflows is equivalent to the presence of stagnation points in the fluid, and this testifies to the existence of a local extremum of the kinetic energy of the fluid. It has been established that each velocity component cannot have more than one zero value. Thus, the fluid flow is separated into two zones. The tangential stresses have different signs in these zones. Moreover, there is a fluid layer thickness at which the tangential stresses at the liquid layer equal to zero on the lower boundary. This physical effect is possible only for Newtonian fluids. The temperature and pressure fields have the same properties as velocities. All the nonstationary solutions approach the steady state in this case.

The paper considers the problem of stationary mixed convection and heat transfer of a viscous heatconducting fluid in a plane square lid-driven cavity. The hot top cover of the cavity has any temperature $T_\mathrm{H}$ and cold bottom wall has temperature $T_\mathrm{0} (T_\mathrm{H} > T_\mathrm{0})$, whereas in contrast the side walls are insulated. The fact that the fluid density can take arbitrary values depending on the amount of overheating of the cavity cover is a feature of the problem. The mathematical formulation includes the Navier–Stokes equations in the ’velocity–pressure’ variables and the heat balance equation which take into account the incompressibility of the fluid flow and the influence of volumetric buoyancy force. The difference approximation of the original differential equations has been performed by the control volume method. Numerical solutions of the problem have been obtained on the $501 \times 501$ grid for the following values of similarity parameters: Prandtl number Pr = 0.70; Reynolds number Re = 100 and 1000; Richardson number Ri = 0.1, 1, and 10; and the relative cover overheating $(T_\mathrm{H}-T_\mathrm{0})/T_\mathrm{0} = 0, 1, 2, 3$. Detailed flow patterns in the form of streamlines and isotherms of relative overheating of the fluid flow are given in the work. It is shown that the increase in the value of the Richardson number (the increase in the influence of buoyancy force) leads to a fundamental change in the structure of the liquid stream. It is also found out that taking into account the variability of the liquid density leads to weakening of the influence of Ri growth on the transformation of the flow structure. The change in density in a closed volume is the cause of this weakening, since it always leads to the existence of zones with negative buoyancy in the presence of a volumetric force. As a consequence, the competition of positive and negative volumetric forces leads in general to weakening of the buoyancy effect. The behaviors of heat exchange coefficient (Nusselt number) and coefficient of friction along the bottom wall of the cavity depending on the parameters of the problem are also analyzed. It is revealed that the greater the values of the Richardson number are, the greater, ceteris paribus, the influence of density variation on these coefficients is.

A promising method of increasing precipitation in arid climates is the method of creating a vertical high-temperature jet seeded by hygroscopic aerosol. Such an installation makes it possible to create artificial clouds with the possibility of precipitation formation in a cloudless atmosphere, unlike traditional methods of artificial precipitation enhancement, which provide for increasing the efficiency of precipitation formation only in natural clouds by seeding them with nuclei of crystallization and condensation. To increase the power of the jet, calcium chloride, carbamide, salt in the form of a coarse aerosol, as well as NaCl/TiO₂ core/shell novel nanopowder, which is capable of condensing much more water vapor than the listed types of aerosols, are added. Dispersed inclusions in the jet are also centers of crystallization and condensation in the created cloud to increase the possibility of precipitation. To simulate convective flows in the atmosphere, a mathematical model of FlowVision large-scale atmospheric flows is used, the solution of the equations of motion, energy and mass transfer is carried out in relative variables. The statement of the problem is divided into two parts: the initial jet model and the FlowVision large-scale atmospheric model. The lower region, where the initial high-speed jet flows, is calculated using a compressible formulation with the solution of the energy equation with respect to the total enthalpy. This division of the problem into two separate subdomains is necessary in order to correctly carry out the numerical calculation of the initial turbulent jet at high velocity (M > 0.3). The main mathematical dependencies of the model are given. Numerical experiments were carried out using the presented model, experimental data from field tests of the installation for creating artificial clouds were taken for the initial data. A good agreement with the experiment is obtained: in 55% of the calculations carried out, the value of the vertical velocity at a height of 400 m (more than 2 m/s) and the height of the jet rise (more than 600 m) is within an deviation of 30% of the experimental characteristics, and in 30% of the calculations it is completely consistent with the experiment. The results of numerical simulation allow evaluating the possibility of using the high-speed jet method to stimulate artificial updrafts and to create precipitation. The calculations were carried out using FlowVision CFD software on SUSU Tornado supercomputer.

Population dynamics is considered in a modified chemostat model including diffusion, chemotaxis, and nonlocal competitive losses. To account for influence of the external environment on the population of the ecosystem, a random parameter is included into the model equations. Computer simulations reveal three dynamic modes depending on system parameters: the transition from initial state to a spatially homogeneous steady state, to a spatially inhomogeneous distribution of population density, and elimination of population density.