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The article describes the basic approaches of the calculation procedure of payload swim-out (objects of different function with own propulsor) from the underwater carrier a method of a self-exit using modern CFD technologies. It contains the description of swim-out by a self-exit method, its advantages and disadvantages. Also it contains results of research of convergence on a grid of a final-volume model with accuracy-time criterion, and results of comparison of calculation with experiment (validation of models). Validation of models was carried out using the available data of experimental definition of traction characteristics of water-jet propulsor of the natural sample in the development pool. Calculations of traction characteristics of water-jet propulsor were carried out via software package FlowVision ver. 3.10. On the basis of comparison of results of calculations for conditions of carrying out of experiments the error of water-jet propulsor calculated model which has made no more than 5% in a range of advance coefficient water-jet propulsor, realised in the process of swim-out by a selfexit method has been defined. The received value of an error of calculation of traction characteristics is used for definition of limiting settlement values of speed of branch of object from the carrier (the minimum and maximum values). The considered problem is significant from the scientific point of view thanks to features of the approach to modelling hydrojet moving system together with movement of separated object, and also from the practical point of view, thanks to possibility of reception with high degree of reliability of parametres swim-out of objects from sea bed vehicles a method of the self-exit which working conditions are assumed by movement in the closed volumes, already on a design stage.

This paper presents a methodology for modeling centrifugal pumps using the example of the NM 1250 260 main oil centrifugal pump. We use FlowVision CFD software as the numerical modeling instrument. Bench tests and numerical modeling use water as a working fluid. The geometrical model of the pump is fully three-dimensional and includes the pump housing to account for leakages. In order to reduce the required computational resources, the methodology specifies leakages using flow rate rather than directly modeling them. Surface roughness influences flow through the wall function model. The wall function model uses an equivalent sand roughness, and a formula for converting real roughness into equivalent sand roughness is applied in this work. FlowVision uses the sliding mesh method for simulation of the rotation of the impeller. This approach takes into account the nonstationary interaction between the rotor and diffuser of the pump, allowing for accurate resolution of recirculation vortices that occur at low flow rates.

The developed methodology has achieved high consistency between numerical simulations results and experiments at all pump operating conditions. The deviation in efficiency at nominal conditions is 0.42%, and in head is 1.9%. The deviation of calculated characteristics from experimental ones increases as the flow rate increases and reaches a maximum at the far-right point of the characteristic curve (up to 4.8% in head). This phenomenon occurs due to a slight mismatch between the geometric model of the impeller used in the calculation and the real pump model from the experiment. However, the average arithmetic relative deviation between numerical modeling and experiment for pump efficiency at 6 points is 0.39%, with an experimental efficiency measurement error of 0.72%. This meets the accuracy requirements for calculations. In the future, this methodology can be used for a series of optimization and strength calculations, as modeling does not require significant computational resources and takes into account the non-stationary nature of flow in the pump.

An approach to numerical analysis of thermo-hydraulic processes proceeding in a fast-neutron reactor is described in the given article. The description covers physical models, numerical schemes and geometry simplifications accepted in the computational model. Steady-state and dynamic regimes of reactor operation are considered. The steady-state regimes simulate the reactor operation at nominal power. The dynamic regimes simulate the shutdown reactor cooling by means of the heat-removal system.

Simulation of thermo-hydraulic processes is carried out in the FlowVision CFD software. A mathematical model describing the coolant flow in the first loop of the fast-neutron reactor was developed on the basis of the available geometrical model. The flow of the working fluid in the reactor simulator is calculated under the assumption that the fluid density does not depend on pressure, with use a $k–\varepsilon$ turbulence model, with use of a model of dispersed medium, and with account of conjugate heat exchange. The model of dispersed medium implemented in the FlowVision software allowed taking into account heat exchange between the heat-exchanger lops. Due to geometric complexity of the core region, the zones occupied by the two heat exchangers were modeled by hydraulic resistances and heat sources.

Numerical simulation of the coolant flow in the FlowVision software enabled obtaining the distributions of temperature, velocity and pressure in the entire computational domain. Using the model of dispersed medium allowed calculation of the temperature distributions in the second loops of the heat exchangers. Besides that, the variation of the coolant temperature along the two thermal probes is determined. The probes were located in the cool and hot chambers of the fast-neutron reactor simulator. Comparative analysis of the numerical and experimental data has shown that the developed mathematical model is correct and, therefore, it can be used for simulation of thermo-hydraulic processes proceeding in fast-neutron reactors with sodium coolant.

Technical carbon (soot) is a product obtained by thermal decomposition (pyrolysis) of hydrocarbons (usually oil) in a stream of heat carrier gas. Technical carbon is widely used as a reinforcing component in the production of rubber and plastic masses. Tire production uses 70% of all carbon produced. In furnace carbon production, the liquid hydrocarbon feedstock is injected into the natural gas combustion product stream through nozzles. The raw material is atomized and vaporized with further pyrolysis. It is important for the raw material to be completely evaporated before the pyrolysis process starts, otherwise coke, that contaminates the product, will be produced. It is impossible to operate without mathematical modeling of the process itself in order to improve the carbon production technology, in particular, to provide the complete evaporation of the raw material prior to the pyrolysis process. Mathematical modelling is the most important way to obtain the most complete and detailed information about the peculiarities of reactor operation.

A three-dimensional mathematical model and calculation method for raw material atomization and evaporation in the thermal gas flow are being developed in the FlowVision software package PC. Water is selected as a raw material to work out the modeling technique. The working substances in the reactor chamber are the combustion products of natural gas. The motion of raw material droplets and evaporation in the gas stream are modeled in the framework of the Eulerian approach of interaction between dispersed and continuous media. The simulation results of raw materials atomization and evaporation in a real reactor for technical carbon production are presented. Numerical method allows to determine an important atomization characteristic: average Sauter diameter. That parameter could be defined from distribution of droplets of raw material at each time of spray forming.

Numerical investigation of mixing non-isothermal streams of sodium coolant in a T-branch is carried out in the FlowVision CFD software. This study is aimed at argumentation of applicability of different approaches to prediction of oscillating behavior of the flow in the mixing zone and simulation of temperature pulsations. The following approaches are considered: URANS (Unsteady Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokers), LES (Large Eddy Simulation) and quasi-DNS (Direct Numerical Simulation). One of the main tasks of the work is detection of the advantages and drawbacks of the aforementioned approaches.

Numerical investigation of temperature pulsations, arising in the liquid and T-branch walls from the mixing of non-isothermal streams of sodium coolant was carried out within a mathematical model assuming that the flow is turbulent, the fluid density does not depend on pressure, and that heat exchange proceeds between the coolant and T-branch walls. Model LMS designed for modeling turbulent heat transfer was used in the calculations within URANS approach. The model allows calculation of the Prandtl number distribution over the computational domain.

Preliminary study was dedicated to estimation of the influence of computational grid on the development of oscillating flow and character of temperature pulsation within the aforementioned approaches. The study resulted in formulation of criteria for grid generation for each approach.

Then, calculations of three flow regimes have been carried out. The regimes differ by the ratios of the sodium mass flow rates and temperatures at the T-branch inlets. Each regime was calculated with use of the URANS, LES and quasi-DNS approaches.

At the final stage of the work analytical comparison of numerical and experimental data was performed. Advantages and drawbacks of each approach to simulation of mixing non-isothermal streams of sodium coolant in the T-branch are revealed and formulated.

It is shown that the URANS approach predicts the mean temperature distribution with a reasonable accuracy. It requires essentially less computational and time resources compared to the LES and DNS approaches. The drawback of this approach is that it does not reproduce pulsations of velocity, pressure and temperature.

The LES and DNS approaches also predict the mean temperature with a reasonable accuracy. They provide oscillating solutions. The obtained amplitudes of the temperature pulsations exceed the experimental ones. The spectral power densities in the check points inside the sodium flow agree well with the experimental data. However, the expenses of the computational and time resources essentially exceed those for the URANS approach in the performed numerical experiments: 350 times for LES and 1500 times for ·DNS.

A promising method of increasing precipitation in arid climates is the method of creating a vertical high-temperature jet seeded by hygroscopic aerosol. Such an installation makes it possible to create artificial clouds with the possibility of precipitation formation in a cloudless atmosphere, unlike traditional methods of artificial precipitation enhancement, which provide for increasing the efficiency of precipitation formation only in natural clouds by seeding them with nuclei of crystallization and condensation. To increase the power of the jet, calcium chloride, carbamide, salt in the form of a coarse aerosol, as well as NaCl/TiO₂ core/shell novel nanopowder, which is capable of condensing much more water vapor than the listed types of aerosols, are added. Dispersed inclusions in the jet are also centers of crystallization and condensation in the created cloud to increase the possibility of precipitation. To simulate convective flows in the atmosphere, a mathematical model of FlowVision large-scale atmospheric flows is used, the solution of the equations of motion, energy and mass transfer is carried out in relative variables. The statement of the problem is divided into two parts: the initial jet model and the FlowVision large-scale atmospheric model. The lower region, where the initial high-speed jet flows, is calculated using a compressible formulation with the solution of the energy equation with respect to the total enthalpy. This division of the problem into two separate subdomains is necessary in order to correctly carry out the numerical calculation of the initial turbulent jet at high velocity (M > 0.3). The main mathematical dependencies of the model are given. Numerical experiments were carried out using the presented model, experimental data from field tests of the installation for creating artificial clouds were taken for the initial data. A good agreement with the experiment is obtained: in 55% of the calculations carried out, the value of the vertical velocity at a height of 400 m (more than 2 m/s) and the height of the jet rise (more than 600 m) is within an deviation of 30% of the experimental characteristics, and in 30% of the calculations it is completely consistent with the experiment. The results of numerical simulation allow evaluating the possibility of using the high-speed jet method to stimulate artificial updrafts and to create precipitation. The calculations were carried out using FlowVision CFD software on SUSU Tornado supercomputer.

Certifying a transport airplane for the flights under icing conditions in Russia was carried out within the framework of the requirements of Annex С to the AP-25 Aviation Rules. In force since 2023 to replace AP-25 the new Russian certification document “Airworthiness Standards” (NLG-25) proposes the introduction of Appendix O. A feature of Appendix O is the need to carry out calculations in conditions of high liquid water content and with large water drops (500 microns or more). With such parameters of the dispersed flow, such physical processes as the disruption and splashing of a water film when large drops enter it become decisive. The flow of a dispersed medium under such conditions is essentially polydisperse. This paper describes the modifications of the IceVision technique implemented on the basis of the FlowVision software package for the ice accretion calculations within the framework of Appendix O.

The main difference between the IceVision method and the known approaches is the use of the Volume of fluid (VOF) technology to the shape of ice changes tracking. The external flow around the aircraft is calculated simultaneously with the growth of ice and its heating. Ice is explicitly incorporated in the computational domain; the heat transfer equation is solved in it. Unlike the Lagrangian approaches, the Euler computational grid is not completely rebuilt in the IceVision technique: only the cells containing the contact surface are changed.

The IceVision 2.0 version accounts for stripping the film, as well as bouncing and splashing of falling drops at the surfaces of the aircraft and ice. The diameter of secondary droplets is calculated using known empirical correlations. The speed of the water film flow over the surface is determined taking into account the action of aerodynamic forces, gravity, hydrostatic pressure gradient and surface tension force. The result of taking into account surface tension is the effect of contraction of the film, which leads to the formation of water flows in the form of rivulets and ice deposits in the form of comb-like growths. An energy balance relation is fulfilled on the ice surface that takes into account the energy of falling drops, heat exchange between ice and air, the heat of crystallization, evaporation, sublimation and condensation. The paper presents the results of solving benchmark and model problems, demonstrating the effectiveness of the IceVision technique and the reliability of the obtained results.

Road noise is one of the key issues in maintaining high environmental standards. At speeds between 50 and 120 km/h, tires are the main source of noise generated by a moving vehicle. It is well known that either the interaction between the tire tread and the road surface or some internal dynamic effects are responsible for tire noise and vibration. This paper discusses the application of a new method for modelling the generation and propagation of sound during tire motion, based on the application of the so-called acoustic-vortex decomposition. Currently, the application of the Lighthill equation and the aeroacoustics analogy are the main approaches used to model tire noise. The aeroacoustics analogy, in solving the problem of separating acoustic and vortex (pseudo-sound) modes of vibration, is not a mathematically rigorous formulation for deriving the source (righthand side) of the acoustic wave equation. In the development of the acoustic-vortex decomposition method, a mathematically rigorous transformation of the equations of motion of a compressible medium is performed to obtain an inhomogeneous wave equation with respect to static enthalpy pulsations with a source term that de-pends on the velocity field of the vortex mode. In this case, the near-field pressure fluctuations are the sum of acoustic fluctuations and pseudo-sound. Thus, the acoustic-vortex decomposition method allows to adequately modeling the acoustic field and the dynamic loads that generate tire vibration, providing a complete solution to the problem of modelling tire noise, which is the result of its turbulent flow with the generation of vortex sound, as well as the dynamic loads and noise emission due to tire vibration. The method is first implemented and test-ed in the FlowVision software package. The results obtained with FlowVision are compared with those obtained with the LMS Virtual.Lab Acoustics package and a number of differences in the acoustic field are highlighted.

Numerical simulation of moving sportsman external flow is presented. The unique method is developed for obtaining integral aerodynamic characteristics, which were the function of the flow regime (i.e. angle of attack, flow speed) and body position. Individual anthropometric characteristics and moving boundaries of sportsman (or sports equipment) during the race are taken into consideration.

Numerical simulation is realized using FlowVision CFD. The software is based on the finite volume method, high-performance numerical methods and reliable mathematical models of physical processes. A Cartesian computational grid is used by FlowVision, the grid generation is a completely automated process. Local grid adaptation is used for solving high-pressure gradient and object complex shape. Flow simulation process performed by solutions systems of equations describing movement of fluid and/or gas in the computational domain, including: mass, moment and energy conservation equations; state equations; turbulence model equations. FlowVision permits flow simulation near moving bodies by means of computational domain transformation according to the athlete shape changes in the motion. Ski jumper aerodynamic characteristics are studied during all phases: take-off performance in motion, in-run and flight. Projected investigation defined simulation method, which includes: inverted statement of sportsman external flow development (velocity of the motion is equal to air flow velocity, object is immobile); changes boundary of the body technology defining; multiple calculations with the national team member data projecting. The research results are identification of the main factors affected to jumping performance: aerodynamic forces, rotating moments etc. Developed method was tested with active sportsmen. Ski jumpers used this method during preparations for Sochi Olympic Games 2014. A comparison of the predicted characteristics and experimental data shows a good agreement. Method versatility is underlined by performing swimmer and skater flow simulation. Designed technology is applicable for sorts of natural and technical objects.

A large number of methods have been developed to solve the Navier – Stokes equations in the case of incompressible flows, the most popular of which are methods with velocity correction by the SIMPLE algorithm and its analogue — the method of splitting by physical variables. These methods, developed more than 40 years ago, were used to solve rather simple problems — simulating both stationary flows and non-stationary flows, in which the boundaries of the calculation domain were stationary. At present, the problems of computational fluid dynamics have become significantly more complicated. CFD problems are involving the motion of bodies in the computational domain, the motion of contact boundaries, cavitation and tasks with dynamic local adaptation of the computational mesh. In this case the computational mesh changes resulting in violation of the velocity divergence condition on it. Since divergent velocities are used not only for Navier – Stokes equations, but also for all other equations of the mathematical model of fluid motion — turbulence, mass transfer and energy conservation models, violation of this condition leads to numerical errors and, often, to undivergence of the computational algorithm.

This article presents an implicit method of splitting by physical variables that uses divergent velocities from a given time step to solve the incompressible Navier – Stokes equations. The method is developed to simulate flows in the case of movable and contact boundaries treated in the Euler paradigm. The method allows to perform computations with the integration step exceeding the explicit time step by orders of magnitude (Courant – Friedrichs – Levy number $CFL\gg1$). This article presents a variant of the method for incompressible flows. A variant of the method that allows to calculate the motion of liquid and gas at any Mach numbers will be published shortly. The method for fully compressible flows is implemented in the software package FlowVision.

Numerical simulating classical fluid flow around circular cylinder at low Reynolds numbers ($50 < Re < 140$), when laminar flow is unsteady and the Karman vortex street is formed, are presented in the article. Good agreement of calculations with the experimental data published in the classical works of Van Dyke and Taneda is demonstrated.