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Optimization of hull lines for the minimum resistance to movement is a problem of current interest in ship hydrodynamics. In practice, lines design is still to some extent an art. The usual approaches to decrease the ship resistance are based on the model experiment and/or CFD simulation, following the trial and error method. The paper presents a new method of in-detail hull form design based on the wave-based optimization approach. The method provides systematic variation of the hull geometrical form, which corresponds to alteration of longitudinal distribution of the hull volume, while its vertical volume distribution is fixed or highly controlled. It’s well known from the theoretical studies that the vertical distribution can't be optimized by condition of minimum wave resistance, thus it can be neglected for the optimization procedures. The method efficiency was investigated by application to the foreship of KCS, the well-known test object from the workshop Gothenburg-2000. The variations of the longitudinal distribution of the volume were set on the sectional area curve as finite volume increments and then transferred to the lines plan with the help of special frame transformation methods. The CFD towing simulations were carried out for the initial hull form and the six modified variants. According to the simulation results, examined modifications caused the resistance increments in the range 1.3–6.5 %. Optimization process was underpinned with the respective data analysis based on the new hypothesis, according to which, the resistance increments caused by separate longitudinal segments of hull form meet the principle of superposition. The achieved results, which are presented as the optimum distribution of volume present in the optimized designed hull form, which shows the interesting characteristics that its resistance has decrease by 8.9 % in respect to initial KCS hull form. Visualization of the wave patterns showed an attenuation of the transversal wave components, and the intensification of the diverging wave components.

The paper provides a method for selecting the composition of a refrigerant with a given isobaric cooling curve using an artificial neural network (ANN). This method is based on the use of 1D layers of a convolutional neural network. To train the neural network, we applied a technological model of a simple heat exchanger in the UniSim design program, using the Peng – Robinson equation of state.We created synthetic database on isobaric boiling curves of refrigerants of different compositions using the technological model. To record the database, an algorithm was developed in the Python programming language, and information on isobaric boiling curves for 1 049 500 compositions was uploaded using the COM interface. The compositions have generated by Monte Carlo method. Designed architecture of ANN allows select composition of a mixed refrigerant by 101 points of boiling curve. ANN gives mole flows of mixed refrigerant by composition (methane, ethane, propane, nitrogen) on the output layer. For training ANN, we used method of cyclical learning rate. For results demonstration we selected MR composition by natural gas cooling curve with a minimum temperature drop of 3 К and a maximum temperature drop of no more than 10 К, which turn better than we predicted via UniSim SQP optimizer and better than predicted by $k$-nearest neighbors algorithm. A significant value of this article is the fact that an artificial neural network can be used to select the optimal composition of the refrigerant when analyzing the cooling curve of natural gas. This method can help engineers select the composition of the mixed refrigerant in real time, which will help reduce the energy consumption of natural gas liquefaction.

The paper presents the physical and mathematical formulation of the problems of internal ballistics of an artillery shot for a charge consisting of a set of powder tubes and their stress-strain state. Combustion and movement of a bundle of powder tubes along the barrel channel is modeled by an equivalent tubular charge of all-round combustion. It is assumed that the equivalent tube moves along the axis of the bore. The speed of movement of an equivalent tubular charge and its current position are determined from Newton’s second law. When calculating the flow parameters, two-dimensional axisymmetric equations of gas dynamics were used, for the solution of which an axisymmetric orthogonalized difference grid is constructed, which adapts to the flow conditions. The control volume method is used to numerically solve the system of gas-dynamic equations. The gas parameters at the boundaries of the control volumes are determined using a self-similar solution to the Godunov’s problem of the decay of an arbitrary discontinuity. The stress-strain state is modeled for a separate burning powder tube located in the field of gas-dynamic parameters. The calculation of the gas-dynamic parameters of the shot is carried out without taking into account the deformed state of the powder elements. The behavior of powder elements during firing is considered under these conditions. The finite element method with the division of the calculation area into triangular elements is used to solve the problem of elasticity. In the process of powder tube burnout, the computational grid on each time layer of the dynamic problem is completely updated due to a change in the boundaries of the powder element due to combustion. The paper shows the time dependences of the parameters of the internal ballistics process and the stress-strain state of powder elements, as well as the distribution of the main parameters of the flow of combustion products at different points in time. It has been established that the tubular powder elements during the shot experience significant deformations, which must be taken into account when solving the basic problem of internal ballistics. The data obtained give an idea of the level of equivalent stresses acting at various points of the powder element. The results obtained indicate the relevance of the conjugate formulation of the problem of gas dynamics and the stress-strain state for charges consisting of tubular powders, since this allows a new approach to the design of tubular charges and opens up the possibility of determining the parameters on which the physics of the combustion process of gunpowder significantly depends, therefore, and the dynamics of the shot process.

The paper presents the results of three-dimensional numerical simulation of thermal-hydraulic processes in the Intermediate Heat Exchanger of the advanced Sodium-Cooled Fast-Neutron (BN) Reactor considering a developed methodological approach.

The Intermediate Heat Exchanger (IHX) is located in the reactor vessel and intended to transfer heat from the primary sodium circulating on the shell side to the secondary sodium circulating on the tube side. In case of an integral layout of the primary equipment in the BN reactor, upstream the IHX inlet windows there is a temperature stratification of the coolant due to incomplete mixing of different temperature flows at the core outlet. Inside the IHX, in the area of the input and output windows, a complex longitudinal and transverse flow of the coolant also takes place resulting in an uneven distribution of the coolant flow rate on the tube side and, as a consequence, in an uneven temperature distribution and heat transfer efficiency along the height and radius of the tube bundle.

In order to confirm the thermal-hydraulic parameters of the IHX of the advanced BN reactor applied in the design, a methodological approach for three-dimensional numerical simulation of the heat exchanger located in the reactor vessel was developed, taking into account the three-dimensional sodium flow pattern at the IHX inlet and inside the IHX, as well as justifying the recommendations for simplifying the geometry of the computational model of the IHX.

Numerical simulation of thermal-hydraulic processes in the IHX of the advanced BN reactor was carried out using the FlowVision software package with the standard $k-\varepsilon$ turbulence model and the LMS turbulent heat transfer model.

To increase the representativeness of numerical simulation of the IHX tube bundle, verification calculations of singletube and multi-tube sodium-sodium heat exchangers were performed with the geometric characteristics corresponding to the IHX design.

To determine the input boundary conditions in the IHX model, an additional three-dimensional calculation was performed taking into account the uneven flow pattern in the upper mixing chamber of the reactor.

The IHX computational model was optimized by simplifying spacer belts and selecting a sector model.

As a result of numerical simulation of the IHX, the distributions of the primary sodium velocity and primary and secondary sodium temperature were obtained. Satisfactory agreement of the calculation results with the design data on integral parameters confirmed the adopted design thermal-hydraulic characteristics of the IHX of the advanced BN reactor.

Buckling problems of thin elastic shells have become relevant again because of the discrepancies between the standards in many countries on how to estimate loads causing buckling of shallow shells and the results of the experiments on thinwalled aviation structures made of high-strength alloys. The main contradiction is as follows: the ultimate internal stresses at shell buckling (collapsing) turn out to be lower than the ones predicted by the adopted design theory used in the USA and European standards. The current regulations are based on the static theory of shallow shells that was put forward in the 1930s: within the nonlinear theory of elasticity for thin-walled structures there are stable solutions that significantly differ from the forms of equilibrium typical to small initial loads. The minimum load (the lowest critical load) when there is an alternative form of equilibrium was used as a maximum permissible one. In the 1970s it was recognized that this approach is unacceptable for complex loadings. Such cases were not practically relevant in the past while now they occur with thinner structures used under complex conditions. Therefore, the initial theory on bearing capacity assessments needs to be revised. The recent mathematical results that proved asymptotic proximity of the estimates based on two analyses (the three-dimensional dynamic theory of elasticity and the dynamic theory of shallow convex shells) could be used as a theory basis. This paper starts with the setting of the dynamic theory of shallow shells that comes down to one resolving integrodifferential equation (once the special Green function is constructed). It is shown that the obtained nonlinear equation allows for separation of variables and has numerous time-period solutions that meet the Duffing equation with “a soft spring”. This equation has been thoroughly studied; its numerical analysis enables finding an amplitude and an oscillation period depending on the properties of the Green function. If the shell is oscillated with the trial time-harmonic load, the movement of the surface points could be measured at the maximum amplitude. The study proposes an experimental set-up where resonance oscillations are generated with the trial load normal to the surface. The experimental measurements of the shell movements, the amplitude and the oscillation period make it possible to estimate the safety factor of the structure bearing capacity with non-destructive methods under operating conditions.

This article proposes the sumo-atclib framework, which provides a convenient uniform interface for testing adaptive control algorithms with different limitations, for example, restrictions on phase durations, phase sequences, restrictions on the minimum time between control actions, which uses the open source microscopic transport modeling environment SUMO. The framework shares the functionality of controllers (class TrafficController) and a monitoring and detection system (class StateObserver), which repeats the architecture of real traffic light objects and adaptive control systems and simplifies the testing of new algorithms, since combinations of different controllers and vehicle detection systems can be freely varied. Also, unlike most existing solutions, the road class Road has been added, which combines a set of lanes, this allows, for example, to determine the adjacency of regulated intersections, in cases when the number of lanes changes on the way from one intersection to another, and therefore the road graph is divided into several edges. At the same time, the algorithms themselves use the same interface and are abstracted from the specific parameters of the detectors, network topologies, that is, it is assumed that this solution will allow the transport engineer to test ready-made algorithms for a new scenario, without the need to adapt them to new conditions, which speeds up the development process of the control system, and reduces design overhead. At the moment, the package contains examples of MaxPressure algorithms and the Q-learning reinforcement learning method, the database of examples is also being updated. The framework also includes a set of SUMO scripts for testing algorithms, which includes both synthetic maps and well-verified SUMO scripts such as Cologne and Ingolstadt. In addition, the framework provides a set of automatically calculated metrics, such as total travel time, delay time, average speed; the framework also provides a ready-made example for visualization of metrics.

The paper presents a new dense material modeling method based on spherepolyhedra packing algorithm, describes mathematical model of spherepolyhedra and discuss the results of computation experiments on different spherepolyhedra packs. The results of experiments show convergence of proposed method. Experiments include investigations of spherepolyhedra packs with different shapes, polydisperse and oriented structures. Presented method would be applied to virtual design of dense materials composed of non-spherical particles.

A vector-matrix approach to the theoretical design of metabolic pathways converting chemical compounds, viz., preset substrates, into desirable products is described. It is a mathematical basis for computer–aided generation of alternative biochemical reaction sets executing the given substrate–product conversion. The pathways are retrieved from the used database of biochemical reactions and utilize the reaction stoichiometry and restrictions based on the irreversibility of a part of them. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of restriction interrelations. It is shown that the number of restrictions can be notably reduced due to the existence of families of parallel restricting planes in the space of reaction flows. Coinciding planes of contradirectional restrictions result in the existence of fixed reaction flow values. The problem of exclusion of so called futile cycles is also considered. Utilization of these factors allows essential lowering of the problem complexity and necessary computational resources. An example of alternative biochemical pathway computation for conversion of glucose and glycerol into succinic acid is given. It is found that for a preset “substrate–product” pair many pathways have the same high-energy bond balance.

Modern approach to modernization of the experimental techniques involves design of mathematical models of the wind-tunnel, which are also referred to as Electronic of Digital Wind-Tunnels. They are meant to supplement experimental data with computational analysis. Using Electronic Wind-Tunnels is supposed to provide accurate information on aerodynamic performance of an aircraft basing on a set of experimental data, to obtain agreement between data from different test facilities and perform comparison between computational results for flight conditions and data with the presence of support system and test section.

Completing this task requires some preliminary research, which involves extensive wind-tunnel testing as well as RANS-based computational research with the use of supercomputer technologies. At different stages of computational investigation one may have to model not only the aircraft itself but also the wind-tunnel test section and the model support system. Modelling such complex geometries will inevitably result in quite complex vertical and separated flows one will have to simulate. Another problem is that boundary layer transition is often present in wind-tunnel testing due to quite small model scales and therefore low Reynolds numbers.

In the current article the first stage of the Electronic Wind-Tunnel design program is covered. This stage involves computational investigation of aerodynamic characteristics of the generic flying-wing UAV model previously tested in TsAGI T-102 wind-tunnel. Since this stage is preliminary the model was simulated without taking test-section and support system geometry into account. The boundary layer was considered to be fully turbulent.

For the current research FlowVision computational code was used because of its automatic grid generation feature and stability of the solver when simulating complex flows. A two-equation k–ε turbulence model was used with special wall functions designed to properly capture flow separation. Computed lift force and drag force coefficients for different angles-of-attack were compared to the experimental data.

In the framework of modern non-equilibrium thermodynamics (macroscopic approach of description and mathematical modeling of the dynamics of real physical and chemical processes), the authors developed a potential- flow method for describing and mathematical modeling of real physical and chemical processes applicable in the general case of real macroscopic physicochemical systems. In accordance with the potential-flow method, the description and mathematical modeling of these processes consists in determining through the interaction potentials of the thermodynamic forces driving these processes and the kinetic matrix determined by the kinetic properties of the system in question, which in turn determine the dynamics of the course of physicochemical processes in this system under the influence of the thermodynamic forces in it. Knowing the thermodynamic forces and the kinetic matrix of the system, the rates of the flow of physicochemical processes in the system are determined, and according to these conservation laws the rates of change of its state coordinates are determined. It turns out in this way a closed system of equations of physical and chemical processes in the system. Knowing the interaction potentials in the system, the kinetic matrices of its simple subsystems (individual processes that are conjugate to each other and not conjugate with other processes), the coefficients entering into the conservation laws, the initial state of the system under consideration, external flows into the system, one can obtain a complete dynamics of physicochemical processes in the system. However, in the case of a complex physico-chemical system in which a large number of physicochemical processes take place, the dimension of the system of equations for these processes becomes appropriate. Hence, the problem arises of automating the formation of the described system of equations of the dynamics of physical and chemical processes in the system under consideration. In this article, we develop a library of software data types that implement a user-defined physicochemical system at the level of its design scheme (coordinates of the state of the system, energy degrees of freedom, physico-chemical processes, flowing, external flows and the relationship between these listed components) and algorithms references in these types of data, as well as calculation of the described system parameters. This library includes both program types of the calculation scheme of the user-defined physicochemical system, and program data types of the components of this design scheme (coordinates of the system state, energy degrees of freedom, physicochemical processes, flowing, external flows). The relationship between these components is carried out by reference (index) addressing. This significantly speeds up the calculation of the system characteristics, because faster access to data.