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The paper presents the physical and mathematical formulation of the problems of internal ballistics of an artillery shot for a charge consisting of a set of powder tubes and their stress-strain state. Combustion and movement of a bundle of powder tubes along the barrel channel is modeled by an equivalent tubular charge of all-round combustion. It is assumed that the equivalent tube moves along the axis of the bore. The speed of movement of an equivalent tubular charge and its current position are determined from Newton’s second law. When calculating the flow parameters, two-dimensional axisymmetric equations of gas dynamics were used, for the solution of which an axisymmetric orthogonalized difference grid is constructed, which adapts to the flow conditions. The control volume method is used to numerically solve the system of gas-dynamic equations. The gas parameters at the boundaries of the control volumes are determined using a self-similar solution to the Godunov’s problem of the decay of an arbitrary discontinuity. The stress-strain state is modeled for a separate burning powder tube located in the field of gas-dynamic parameters. The calculation of the gas-dynamic parameters of the shot is carried out without taking into account the deformed state of the powder elements. The behavior of powder elements during firing is considered under these conditions. The finite element method with the division of the calculation area into triangular elements is used to solve the problem of elasticity. In the process of powder tube burnout, the computational grid on each time layer of the dynamic problem is completely updated due to a change in the boundaries of the powder element due to combustion. The paper shows the time dependences of the parameters of the internal ballistics process and the stress-strain state of powder elements, as well as the distribution of the main parameters of the flow of combustion products at different points in time. It has been established that the tubular powder elements during the shot experience significant deformations, which must be taken into account when solving the basic problem of internal ballistics. The data obtained give an idea of the level of equivalent stresses acting at various points of the powder element. The results obtained indicate the relevance of the conjugate formulation of the problem of gas dynamics and the stress-strain state for charges consisting of tubular powders, since this allows a new approach to the design of tubular charges and opens up the possibility of determining the parameters on which the physics of the combustion process of gunpowder significantly depends, therefore, and the dynamics of the shot process.

In the paper, it is represented a linearization method for the stress-strain curves of nonlinearly deformable beams and circular plates in order to generalize the pure bending vibration equations. It is considered composite, on average isotropic prismatic beams of a constant rectangular cross-section and circular plates of a constant thickness made of nonlinearly elastic materials. The technique consists in determining the approximate Young’s moduli from the initial stress-strain state of beam and plate subjected to the action of the bending moment.

The paper proposes two criteria for linearization: the equality of the specific potential energy of deformation and the minimization of the standard deviation in the state equation approximation. The method allows obtaining in the closed form the estimated value of the natural frequencies of layered and structurally heterogeneous, on average isotropic nonlinearly elastic beams and circular plates. This makes it possible to significantly reduce the resources in the vibration analysis and modeling of these structural elements. In addition, the paper shows that the proposed linearization criteria allow to estimate the natural frequencies with the same accuracy.

Since in the general case even isotropic materials exhibit different resistance to tension and compression, it is considered the piecewise-linear Prandtl’s diagrams with proportionality limits and tangential Young’s moduli that differ under tension and compression as the stress-strain curves of the composite material components. As parameters of the stress-strain curve, it is considered the effective Voigt’s characteristics (under the hypothesis of strain homogeneity) for a longitudinally layered material structure; the effective Reuss’ characteristics (under the hypothesis of strain homogeneity) for a transversely layered beam and an axially laminated plate. In addition, the effective Young’s moduli and the proportionality limits, obtained by the author’s homogenization method, are given for a structurally heterogeneous, on average isotropic material. As an example, it is calculated the natural frequencies of two-phase beams depending on the component concentrations.

There are conditions of uneven combustion for tubular powder elements of large elongation used in artillery propelling charges. Here it is necessary to consider in parallel the processes of combustion and movement of powder gases inside and outside the channels of the powder tubes. Without this, it is impossible to adequately formulate and solve the problems of ignition, erosive combustion and stress-strain state of tubular powder elements in the shot process. The paper presents a physical and mathematical formulation of the main problem of the internal ballistics of an artillery shot for a charge consisting of a set of powder tubes. Combustion and movement of a bundle of powder tubes along the barrel channel is modeled by an equivalent tubular charge of all-round combustion. The end and cross-sectional areas of the channel of such a charge (equivalent tube) are equal to the sum of the areas of the ends and cross-sections of the channels of the powder tubes, respectively. The combustion surface of the channel is equal to the sum of the inner surfaces of the tubes in the bundle. The outer combustion surface of the equivalent tube is equal to the sum of the outer surfaces of the tubes in the bundle. It is assumed that the equivalent tube moves along the axis of the bore. The speed of motion of an equivalent tubular charge and its current position are determined from Newton’s second law. To calculate the flow parameters, we used two-dimensional axisymmetric equations of gas dynamics, for the solution of which an axisymmetric orthogonalized difference mesh is constructed, which adapts to the flow conditions. When the tube moves and burns, the difference grid is rearranged taking into account the changing regions of integration. The control volume method is used for the numerical solution of the system of gas-dynamic equations. The gas parameters at the boundaries of the control volumes are determined using a self-similar solution to the Godunov problem of decay for an arbitrary discontinuity. The developed technique was used to calculate the internal ballistics parameters of an artillery shot. This approach is considered for the first time and allows a new approach to the design of tubular artillery charges, since it allows obtaining the necessary information in the form of fields of velocity and pressure of powder gases for calculating the process of gradual ignition, unsteady erosive combustion, stress-strain state and strength of powder elements during the shot. The time dependences of the parameters of the internal ballistics process and the distribution of the main parameters of the flow of combustion products at different times are presented.

Superplastic forming of Ni and Ti based alloys is widely used in aerospace industry. The main advantage of using the effect of superplasticity in sheet metal forming processes is a feasibility of forming materials with a high amount of plastic strain in conditions of prevailing tensile stresses. This article is dedicated to study commercial FEM software SFTC DEFORM application for prediction thickness deviation during low temperature superplastic forming of UFG Ti-6-4 alloy. Experimentally, thickness deviation during superplastic forming can be observed in the local area of plastic deformation and this process is aggravated by local softening of the metal and this is stipulated by microstructure coarsening. The theoretical model was prepared to analyze experimentally observed metal flow. Two approaches have been used for that. The first one is the using of integrated creep rheology model in DEFORM. As superplastic effect is observed only in materials with fine and ultrafine grain sizes the second approach is carried out using own user procedures for rheology model which is based on microstructure evolution equations. These equations have been implemented into DEFORM via Fortran user’s solver subroutines. Using of FEM simulation for this type of forming allows tracking a strain rate in different parts of a workpiece during a process, which is crucial for maintaining the superplastic conditions. Comparison of these approaches allows us to make conclusions about effect of microstructure evolution on metal flow during superplastic deformation. The results of the FEM analysis and theoretical conclusions have been approved by results of the conducted Erichsen test. The main issues of this study are as follows: a) the DEFORM software allows an engineer to predict formation of metal shape under the condition of low-temperature superplasticity; b) in order to augment the accuracy of the prediction of local deformations, the effect of the microstructure state of an alloy having sub-microcristalline structure should be taken into account in the course of calculations in the DEFORM software.