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In the article is carried out the analysis of historical process with the use of methods of synergetics (science about the nonlinear developing systems in nature and the society), developed in the works of D. S. Chernavskii in connection with to economic and social systems. It is shown that social self-organizing depending on conditions leads to the formation of both the societies with the strong internal competition (Y-structures) and cooperative type societies (X-structures). Y-structures are characteristic for the countries of the West, X-structure are characteristic for the countries of the East. It is shown that in XIX and in XX centuries occurred accelerated shaping and strengthening of Y-structures. However, at present world system entered into the period of serious structural changes in the economic, political, ideological spheres: the domination of Y-structures concludes. Are examined the possible ways of further development of the world system, connected with change in the regimes of self-organizing and limitation of internal competition. This passage will be prolonged and complex. Under these conditions it will objectively grow the value of the civilizational experience of Russia, on basis of which was formed combined type social system. It is shown that ultimately inevitable the passage from the present do-mination of Y-structures to the absolutely new global system, whose stability will be based on the new ideology, the new spirituality (i.e., new “conditional information” according D. S. Chernavskii), which makes a turn from the principles of competition to the principles of collaboration.

We study the influence of fishery on a structured fish population under random changes of habitat conditions. The population parameters correspond to dominant pelagic fish species of Far-Eastern seas of the northwestern part of the Pacific Ocean (pollack, herring, sardine). Similar species inhabit various parts of the Word Ocean. The species body size distribution was chosen as a main population feature. This characteristic is easy to measure and adequately defines main specimen qualities such as age, maturity and other morphological and physiological peculiarities. Environmental fluctuations have a great influence on the individuals in early stages of development and have little influence on the vital activity of mature individuals. The fishery revenue was chosen as an optimality criterion. The main control characteristic is fishing effort. We have chosen quadratic dependence of fishing revenue on the fishing effort according to accepted economic ideas stating that the expenses grow with the production volume. The model study shows that the population structure ensures the increased population stability. The growth and drop out of the individuals’ due to natural mortality smoothens the oscillations of population density arising from the strong influence of the fluctuations of environment on young individuals. The smoothing part is played by diffusion component of the growth processes. The fishery in its turn smooths the fluctuations (including random fluctuations) of the environment and has a substantial impact upon the abundance of fry and the subsequent population dynamics. The optimal time-dependent fishing effort strategy was compared to stationary fishing effort strategy. It is shown that in the case of quickly changing habitat conditions and stochastic dynamics of population replenishment there exists a stationary fishing effort having approximately the same efficiency as an optimal time-dependent fishing effort. This means that a constant or weakly varying fishing effort can be very efficient strategy in terms of revenue.

We present results of a study aimed at identification of a controlled object’s channels based on postprocessing of measurements with development of a model of a multiple-input controlled object and subsequent active modelling experiment. The controlled object model is developed using approximation of its behavior by a neural network model using trends obtained during a passive experiment in the mode of normal operation. Recurrent neural network containing feedback elements allows to simulate behavior of dynamic objects; input and feedback time delays allow to simulate behavior of inertial objects with pure delay. The model was taught using examples of the object’s operation with a control system and is presented by a dynamic neural network and a model of a regulator with a known regulation function. The neural network model simulates the system’s behavior and is used to conduct active computing experiments. Neural network model allows to obtain the controlled object’s response to an exploratory stimulus, including a periodic one. The obtained complex frequency response is used to evaluate parameters of the object’s transfer system using the least squares method. We present an example of identification of a channel of the simulated control system. The simulated object has two input ports and one output port and varying transport delays in transfer channels. One of the input ports serves as a controlling stimulus, the second is a controlled perturbation. The controlled output value changes as a result of control stimulus produced by the regulator operating according to the proportional-integral regulation law based on deviation of the controlled value from the task. The obtained parameters of the object’s channels’ transfer functions are close to the parameters of the input simulated object. The obtained normalized error of the reaction for a single step-wise stimulus of the control system model developed based on identification of the simulated control system doesn’t exceed 0.08. The considered objects pertain to the class of technological processes with continuous production. Such objects are characteristic of chemical, metallurgic, mine-mill, pulp and paper, and other industries.

The paper presents the results of numerical simulation and experimental data on the high-speed penetration of the impactor into the obstacle. In the calculations, a discrete-element model has been used, based on the representation of the impactor and the target by a set of close packed interconnected particles. This class of models finds an increasingly wide application in the problems of high-speed interaction of bodies. In the previous works of the authors, the questions of application of the discrete-element model to the problem of the penetration of spherical impactors into massive targets were considered. On the basis of a comparative analysis of the data of computational and physical experiments, it was found out that for a wide class of high-speed penetration problems, a high accuracy of discrete-element modeling can be achieved using the two-parameter Lennard–Jones potential. The binding energy was identified as a function of the dynamic hardness of materials. It was shown that the use of this approach makes it possible to describe accurately the penetration process in the range of impactor velocities 500–2500 m/c.

In this paper, we compare the results of discrete-element modeling with experimental data on penetration of high-strength targets of different thickness by steel impactors. The use of computational parallelization technologies on graphic processors in combination with 3D visualization and animation of the results makes it possible to obtain detailed spatio-temporal patterns of the penetration process and compare them with experimental data.

A comparative analysis of the experimental and calculated data has shown a sufficiently high accuracy of discrete-element modeling for a wide range of target thicknesses: for thin targets pierced with preservation of the integrity of the deformed impactor, for targets of medium thickness, pierced with practically complete fragmentation of the impactor at the exit from the target, and for thick impenetrable targets.

In various areas of science, technology, environment protection, construction, it is very important to study processes of porous materials interaction with different substances in different aggregation states. From the point of view of ecology and environmental protection it is particularly actual to investigate processes of porous materials interaction with water in liquid and gaseous phases. Since one mole of water contains 6.022140857 · 10²³ molecules of H₂O, macroscopic approaches considering the water vapor as continuum media in the framework of classical aerodynamics are mainly used to describe properties, for example properties of water vapor in the pore. In this paper we construct and use for simulation the macroscopic two-dimensional diffusion model [Bitsadze, Kalinichenko, 1980] describing the behavior of water vapor inside the isolated pore. Together with the macroscopic model it is proposed microscopic model of the behavior of water vapor inside the isolated pores. This microscopic model is built within the molecular dynamics approach [Gould et al., 2005]. In the microscopic model a description of each water molecule motion is based on Newton classical mechanics considering interactions with other molecules and pore walls. Time evolution of “water vapor – pore” system is explored. Depending on the external to the pore conditions the system evolves to various states of equilibrium, characterized by different values of the macroscopic characteristics such as temperature, density, pressure. Comparisons of results of molecular dynamic simulations with the results of calculations based on the macroscopic diffusion model and experimental data allow to conclude that the combination of macroscopic and microscopic approach could produce more adequate and more accurate description of processes of water vapor interaction with porous materials.

The paper reviews the existing approaches to calculating the destruction of solids. The main attention is paid to algorithms using a unified approach to the calculation of deformation both for nondestructive and for the destroyed states of the material. The thermodynamic derivation of the unified rheological relationships taking into account the elastic, viscous and plastic properties of materials and describing the loss of the deformation resistance ability with the accumulation of microdamages is presented. It is shown that the mathematical model under consideration provides a continuous dependence of the solution on input parameters (parameters of the material medium, initial and boundary conditions, discretization parameters) with softening of the material.

Explicit and implicit non-matrix algorithms for calculating the evolution of deformation and fracture development are presented. Non-explicit schemes are implemented using iterations of the conjugate gradient method, with the calculation of each iteration exactly coinciding with the calculation of the time step for two-layer explicit schemes. So, the solution algorithms are very simple.

The results of solving typical problems of destruction of solid deformable bodies for slow (quasistatic) and fast (dynamic) deformation processes are presented. Based on the experience of calculations, recommendations are given for modeling the processes of destruction and ensuring the reliability of numerical solutions.

Ultrasound examination of material properties is a precision method for determining their elastic and strength properties in connection with the small wavelength formed in the material after impact of a laser beam. In this paper, the wave processes arising during these measurements are considered in detail. It is shown that full-wave numerical modeling allows us to study in detail the types of waves, topological characteristics of their profile, speed of arrival of waves at various points, identification the types of waves whose measurements are most optimal for examining a sample made of a specific material of a particular shape, and to develop measurement procedures.

To carry out full-wave modeling, a grid-characteristic method on structured grids was used in this work and a hyperbolic system of equations that describes the propagation of elastic waves in the material of the thin plate under consideration on a specific example of a ratio of thickness to width of 1:10 was solved.

To simulate an elastic front that arose in the plate due to a laser beam, a model of the corresponding initial conditions was proposed. A comparison of the wave effects that arise during its use in the case of a point source and with the data of physical experiments on the propagation of laser ultrasound in metal plates was made.

A study was made on the basis of which the characteristic topological features of the wave processes under consideration were identified and revealed. The main types of elastic waves arising due to a laser beam are investigated, the possibility of their use for studying the properties of materials is analyzed. A method based on the analysis of multiple waves is proposed. The proposed method for studying the properties of a plate with the help of multiple waves on synthetic data was tested, and it showed good results.

It should be noted that most of the studies of multiple waves are aimed at developing methods for their suppression. Multiple waves are not used to process the results of ultrasound studies due to the complexity of their detection in the recorded data of a physical experiment.

Due to the use of full wave modeling and analysis of spatial dynamic wave processes, multiple waves are considered in detail in this work and it is proposed to divide materials into three classes, which allows using multiple waves to obtain information about the material of the plate.

The main results of the work are the developed problem statements for the numerical simulation of the study of plates of a finite thickness by laser ultrasound; the revealed features of the wave phenomena arising in plates of a finite thickness; the developed method for studying the properties of the plate on the basis of multiple waves; the developed classification of materials.

The results of the studies presented in this paper may be of interest not only for developments in the field of ultrasonic non-destructive testing, but also in the field of seismic exploration of the earth's interior, since the proposed approach can be extended to more complex cases of heterogeneous media and applied in geophysics.

One of the destroying natural processes is the initiation of the regional seismic activity. It leads to a large number of human deaths. Much effort has been made to develop precise and robust methods for the estimation of the seismic stability of buildings. One of the most common approaches is the natural frequency method. The obvious drawback of this approach is a low precision due to the model oversimplification. The other method is a detailed simulation of dynamic processes using the finite-element method. Unfortunately, the quality of simulations is not enough due to the difficulty of setting the correct free boundary condition. That is why the development of new numerical methods for seismic stability problems is a high priority nowadays.

The present work is devoted to the study of spatial dynamic processes occurring in geological medium during an earthquake. We describe a method for simulating seismic wave propagation from the hypocenter to the day surface. To describe physical processes, we use a system of partial differential equations for a linearly elastic body of the second order, which is solved numerically by a grid-characteristic method on parallelepiped meshes. The widely used geological hypocenter model, called the “double-couple” model, was incorporated into this numerical algorithm. In this case, any heterogeneities, such as geological layers with curvilinear boundaries, gas and fluid-filled cracks, fault planes, etc., may be explicitly taken into account.

In this paper, seismic waves emitted during the earthquake initiation process are numerically simulated. Two different models are used: the homogeneous half-space and the multilayered geological massif with the day surface. All of their parameters are set based on previously published scientific articles. The adequate coincidence of the simulation results is obtained. And discrepancies may be explained by differences in numerical methods used. The numerical approach described can be extended to more complex physical models of geological media.

For a non-homogeneous model transport equation with source terms, the stability analysis of a linear hybrid scheme (a combination of upwind and central approximations) is performed. Stability conditions are obtained that depend on the hybridity parameter, the source intensity factor (the product of intensity per time step), and the weight coefficient of the linear combination of source power on the lower- and upper-time layer. In a nonlinear case for the non-equilibrium by velocities and temperatures equations of gas suspension motion, the linear stability analysis was confirmed by calculation. It is established that the maximum permissible Courant number of the hybrid large-particle method of the second order of accuracy in space and time with an implicit account of friction and heat exchange between gas and particles does not depend on the intensity factor of interface interactions, the grid spacing and the relaxation times of phases (K-stability). In the traditional case of an explicit method for calculating the source terms, when a dimensionless intensity factor greater than 10, there is a catastrophic (by several orders of magnitude) decrease in the maximum permissible Courant number, in which the calculated time step becomes unacceptably small.

On the basic ratios of Riemann’s problem in the equilibrium heterogeneous medium, we obtained an asymptotically exact self-similar solution of the problem of interaction of a shock wave with a layer of gas-suspension to which converge the numerical solution of two-velocity two-temperature dynamics of gassuspension when reducing the size of dispersed particles.

The dynamics of the shock wave in gas and its interaction with a limited gas suspension layer for different sizes of dispersed particles: 0.1, 2, and 20 ìm were studied. The problem is characterized by two discontinuities decay: reflected and refracted shock waves at the left boundary of the layer, reflected rarefaction wave, and a past shock wave at the right contact edge. The influence of relaxation processes (dimensionless phase relaxation times) to the flow of a gas suspension is discussed. For small particles, the times of equalization of the velocities and temperatures of the phases are small, and the relaxation zones are sub-grid. The numerical solution at characteristic points converges with relative accuracy $O \, (10^{-4})$ to self-similar solutions.

We present a physico-mathematical statement of coupled geometrical and gas dynamics problem of intrachamber processes simulation and calculation of main internal ballistics characteristics of solid rocket motors in axisymmetric approximation. Method and numerical algorithm of solving the problem are described in this paper. We track the propellant burning surface using the level set method. This method allows us to implicitly represent the surface on a fixed Cartesian grid as zero-level of some function. Two-dimensional gas-dynamics equations describe a flow of combustion products in a solid rocket motor. Due to inconsistency of domain boundaries and nodes of computational grid, presence of ghost points lying outside the computational domain is taken into account. For setting the values of flow parameters in ghost points, we use the inverse Lax – Wendroff procedure. We discretize spatial derivatives of level set and gas-dynamics equations with standard WENO schemes of fifth and third-order respectively and time derivatives using total variation diminishing Runge –Kutta methods. We parallelize the presented numerical algorithm using CUDA technology and further optimize it with regard to peculiarities of graphics processors architecture.

Created software package is used for calculating internal ballistics characteristics of nozzleless solid rocket motor during main firing phase. On the base of obtained numerical results, we discuss efficiency of parallelization using CUDA technology and applying considered optimizations. It has been shown that implemented parallelization technique leads to a significant acceleration in comparison with central processes. Distributions of key parameters of combustion products flow in different periods of time have been presented in this paper. We make a comparison of obtained results between quasione-dimensional approach and developed numerical technique.