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The simplest and most desirable method of traffic signal control is precalculated regulation, when the parameters of the traffic light object operation are calculated in advance and activated in accordance to a schedule. This work proposes a method of forming a signal plan that allows one to calculate the control programs and set the period of their activity. Preparation of initial data for the calculation includes the formation of a time series of daily traffic intensity with an interval of 15 minutes. When carrying out field studies, it is possible that part of the traffic intensity measurements is missing. To fill up the missing traffic intensity measurements, the spline interpolation method is used. The next step of the method is to calculate the daily set of signal plans. The work presents the interdependencies, which allow one to calculate the optimal durations of the control cycle and the permitting phase movement and to set the period of their activity. The present movement control systems have a limit on the number of control programs. To reduce the signal plans' number and to determine their activity period, the clusterization using the $k$-means method in the transport phase space is introduced In the new daily signal plan, the duration of the phases is determined by the coordinates of the received cluster centers, and the activity periods are set by the elements included in the cluster. Testing on a numerical illustration showed that, when the number of clusters is 10, the deviation of the optimal phase duration from the cluster centers does not exceed 2 seconds. To evaluate the effectiveness of the developed methodology, a real intersection with traffic light regulation was considered as an example. Based on field studies of traffic patterns and traffic demand, a microscopic model for the SUMO (Simulation of Urban Mobility) program was developed. The efficiency assessment is based on the transport losses estimated by the time spent on movement. Simulation modeling of the multiprogram control of traffic lights showed a 20% reduction in the delay time at the traffic light object in comparison with the single-program control. The proposed method allows automation of the process of calculating daily signal plans and setting the time of their activity.

This article represents numerical simulation technique for determining effective spectral electromagnetic properties (effective electrical conductivity and relative dielectric permittivity) of saturated porous media. Information about these properties is vastly applied during the interpretation of petrophysical exploration data of boreholes and studying of rock core samples. The main feature of the present paper consists in the fact, that it involves three-dimensional saturated digital rock models, which were constructed based on the combined data considering microscopic structure of the porous media and the information about capillary equilibrium of oil-water mixture in pores. Data considering microscopic structure of the model are obtained by means of X-ray microscopic tomography. Information about distributions of saturating fluids is based on hydrodynamic simulations with density functional technique. In order to determine electromagnetic properties of the numerical model time-domain Fourier transform of Maxwell equations is considered. In low frequency approximation the problem can be reduced to solving elliptic equation for the distribution of complex electric potential. Finite difference approximation is based on discretization of the model with homogeneous isotropic orthogonal grid. This discretization implies that each computational cell contains exclusively one medium: water, oil or rock. In order to obtain suitable numerical model the distributions of saturating components is segmented. Such kind of modification enables avoiding usage of heterogeneous grids and disregards influence on the results of simulations of the additional techniques, required in order to determine properties of cells, filled with mixture of media. Corresponding system of differential equations is solved by means of biconjugate gradient stabilized method with multigrid preconditioner. Based on the results of complex electric potential computations average values of electrical conductivity and relative dielectric permittivity is calculated. For the sake of simplicity, this paper considers exclusively simulations with no spectral dependence of conductivities and permittivities of model components. The results of numerical simulations of spectral dependence of effective characteristics of heterogeneously saturated porous media (electrical conductivity and relative dielectric permittivity) in broad range of frequencies and multiple water saturations are represented in figures and table. Efficiency of the presented approach for determining spectral electrical properties of saturated rocks is discussed in conclusion.

The problem of application of miscroscopic traffic models for the analysis of large network segments is discussed with an example of discrete flow with safe distance. A concept of integral charasteristics of network segments is introduced, a method for obtaining such characteristics via microscopic traffic flow models is presented. Said method is applied to a circular unidirectional interchange, obtained characteristics analysed.

We present a simulation methodology for the prediction of ЃgunexpectedЃh bottlenecks, i.e., the bottlenecks that occur suddenly and unexpectedly for drivers on a highway. Such unexpected bottlenecks can be either a moving bottleneck (MB) caused by a slow moving vehicle or a motionless bottleneck caused by a stopped vehicle (SV). Based on simulations of a stochastic microscopic traffic flow model in the framework of KernerЃfs three-phase traffic theory, we show that through the use of a small share of probe vehicles (FCD) randomly distributed in traffic flow the reliable prediction of ЃgunexpectedЃh bottlenecks is possible. We have found that the time dependence of the probability of MB and SV prediction as well as the accuracy of the estimation of MB and SV location depend considerably on sequences of phase transitions from free flow (F) to synchronized flow (S) (F→S transition) and back from synchronized flow to free flow (S→F transition) as well as on speed oscillations in synchronized flow at the bottleneck. In the simulation approach, the identification of F→S and S→F transitions at an unexpected bottleneck has been made in accordance with Kerner's three-phase traffic theory. The presented simulation methodology allows us both the prediction of the unexpected bottleneck that suddenly occurs on a highway and the distinguishing of the origin of the unexpected bottleneck, i.e., whether the unexpected bottleneck has occurred due to a MB or a SV.

In various areas of science, technology, environment protection, construction, it is very important to study processes of porous materials interaction with different substances in different aggregation states. From the point of view of ecology and environmental protection it is particularly actual to investigate processes of porous materials interaction with water in liquid and gaseous phases. Since one mole of water contains 6.022140857 · 10²³ molecules of H₂O, macroscopic approaches considering the water vapor as continuum media in the framework of classical aerodynamics are mainly used to describe properties, for example properties of water vapor in the pore. In this paper we construct and use for simulation the macroscopic two-dimensional diffusion model [Bitsadze, Kalinichenko, 1980] describing the behavior of water vapor inside the isolated pore. Together with the macroscopic model it is proposed microscopic model of the behavior of water vapor inside the isolated pores. This microscopic model is built within the molecular dynamics approach [Gould et al., 2005]. In the microscopic model a description of each water molecule motion is based on Newton classical mechanics considering interactions with other molecules and pore walls. Time evolution of “water vapor – pore” system is explored. Depending on the external to the pore conditions the system evolves to various states of equilibrium, characterized by different values of the macroscopic characteristics such as temperature, density, pressure. Comparisons of results of molecular dynamic simulations with the results of calculations based on the macroscopic diffusion model and experimental data allow to conclude that the combination of macroscopic and microscopic approach could produce more adequate and more accurate description of processes of water vapor interaction with porous materials.

This article proposes the sumo-atclib framework, which provides a convenient uniform interface for testing adaptive control algorithms with different limitations, for example, restrictions on phase durations, phase sequences, restrictions on the minimum time between control actions, which uses the open source microscopic transport modeling environment SUMO. The framework shares the functionality of controllers (class TrafficController) and a monitoring and detection system (class StateObserver), which repeats the architecture of real traffic light objects and adaptive control systems and simplifies the testing of new algorithms, since combinations of different controllers and vehicle detection systems can be freely varied. Also, unlike most existing solutions, the road class Road has been added, which combines a set of lanes, this allows, for example, to determine the adjacency of regulated intersections, in cases when the number of lanes changes on the way from one intersection to another, and therefore the road graph is divided into several edges. At the same time, the algorithms themselves use the same interface and are abstracted from the specific parameters of the detectors, network topologies, that is, it is assumed that this solution will allow the transport engineer to test ready-made algorithms for a new scenario, without the need to adapt them to new conditions, which speeds up the development process of the control system, and reduces design overhead. At the moment, the package contains examples of MaxPressure algorithms and the Q-learning reinforcement learning method, the database of examples is also being updated. The framework also includes a set of SUMO scripts for testing algorithms, which includes both synthetic maps and well-verified SUMO scripts such as Cologne and Ingolstadt. In addition, the framework provides a set of automatically calculated metrics, such as total travel time, delay time, average speed; the framework also provides a ready-made example for visualization of metrics.

Mathematical models of gas dynamics and its computational industry, in our opinion, are far from perfect. We will look at this problem from the point of view of a clear probabilistic micro-model of a gas from hard spheres, relying on both the theory of random processes and the classical kinetic theory in terms of densities of distribution functions in phase space, namely, we will first construct a system of nonlinear stochastic differential equations (SDE), and then a generalized random and nonrandom integro-differential Boltzmann equation taking into account correlations and fluctuations. The key feature of the initial model is the random nature of the intensity of the jump measure and its dependence on the process itself.

Briefly recall the transition to increasingly coarse meso-macro approximations in accordance with a decrease in the dimensionalization parameter, the Knudsen number. We obtain stochastic and non-random equations, first in phase space (meso-model in terms of the Wiener — measure SDE and the Kolmogorov – Fokker – Planck equations), and then — in coordinate space (macro-equations that differ from the Navier – Stokes system of equations and quasi-gas dynamics systems). The main difference of this derivation is a more accurate averaging by velocity due to the analytical solution of stochastic differential equations with respect to the Wiener measure, in the form of which an intermediate meso-model in phase space is presented. This approach differs significantly from the traditional one, which uses not the random process itself, but its distribution function. The emphasis is placed on the transparency of assumptions during the transition from one level of detail to another, and not on numerical experiments, which contain additional approximation errors.

The theoretical power of the microscopic representation of macroscopic phenomena is also important as an ideological support for particle methods alternative to difference and finite element methods.

The work is devoted to the study of the influence of nonlinear processes in the boundary layer on the general nature of gas flows in microchannels of technical systems. Such a study is actually concerned with nanotechnology problems. One of the important problems in this area is the analysis of gas flows in microchannels in the case of transient and supersonic flows. The results of this analysis are important for the gas-dynamic spraying techique and for the synthesis of new nanomaterials. Due to the complexity of the implementation of full-scale experiments on micro- and nanoscale, they are most often replaced by computer simulations. The efficiency of computer simulations is achieved by both the use of new multiscale models and the combination of mesh and particle methods. In this work, we use the molecular dynamics method. It is applied to study the establishment of a gas microflow in a metal channel. Nitrogen was chosen as the gaseous medium. The metal walls of the microchannels consisted of nickel atoms. In numerical experiments, the accommodation coefficients were calculated at the boundary between the gas flow and the metal wall. The study of the microsystem in the boundary layer made it possible to form a multicomponent macroscopic model of the boundary conditions. This model was integrated into the macroscopic description of the flow based on a system of quasi-gas-dynamic equations. On the basis of such a transformed gas-dynamic model, calculations of microflow in real microsystem were carried out. The results were compared with the classical calculation of the flow, which does not take into account nonlinear processes in the boundary layer. The comparison showed the need to use the developed model of boundary conditions and its integration with the classical gas-dynamic approach.

In this paper, we propose an adaptive traffic signal control method invariant to the configuration of the traffic signal. The proposed method uses one neural network model to control traffic signals of various configurations, differing both in the number of controlled lanes and in the used traffic light control cycle (set of phases). To describe the state space, both dynamic information about the current state of the traffic flow and static data about the configuration of a controlled intersection are used. To increase the speed of model training and reduce the required amount of data required for model convergence, it is proposed to use an “expert” who provides additional data for model training. As an expert, we propose to use an adaptive control method based on maximizing the weighted flow of vehicles through an intersection. Experimental studies of the effectiveness of the developed method were carried out in a microscopic simulation software package. The obtained results confirmed the effectiveness of the proposed method in different simulation scenarios. The possibility of using the developed method in a simulation scenario that is not used in the training process was shown. We provide a comparison of the proposed method with other baseline solutions, including the method used as an “expert”. In most scenarios, the developed method showed the best results by average travel time and average waiting time criteria. The advantage over the method used as an expert, depending on the scenario under study, ranged from 2% to 12% according to the criterion of average vehicle waiting time and from 1% to 7% according to the criterion of average travel time.

In the paper three characteristic scales of a biological system are proposed: microscopic (gene's size), mesoscopic (cell’s size) and macroscopic level (organism’s size). For each case the approach to modeling of circadian rhythms is discussed on the base of a time-delay model. At gene’s scale the stochastic description has been used. The robustness of rhythms mechanism to the fluctuations has been demonstrated. At the mesoscopic scale we propose the deterministic description within the spatially extended model. It was found the effect of collective synchronization of rhythms in cells. Macroscopic effects have been studied within the discrete model describing the collective behaviour of large amount of cells. The problem of cross-linking of results obtained at different scales is discussed. The comparison with experimental data is given.