All issues

The study of the physiological and pathophysiological processes in the cardiovascular system is one of the important contemporary issues, which is addressed in many works. In this work, several approaches to the mathematical modelling of the blood flow are considered. They are based on the spatial order reduction and/or use a steady-state approach. Attention is paid to the discussion of the assumptions and suggestions, which are limiting the scope of such models. Some typical mathematical formulations are considered together with the brief review of their numerical implementation. In the first part, we discuss the models, which are based on the full spatial order reduction and/or use a steady-state approach. One of the most popular approaches exploits the analogy between the flow of the viscous fluid in the elastic tubes and the current in the electrical circuit. Such models can be used as an individual tool. They also used for the formulation of the boundary conditions in the models using one dimensional (1D) and three dimensional (3D) spatial coordinates. The use of the dynamical compartment models allows describing haemodynamics over an extended period (by order of tens of cardiac cycles and more). Then, the steady-state models are considered. They may use either total spatial reduction or two dimensional (2D) spatial coordinates. This approach is used for simulation the blood flow in the region of microcirculation. In the second part, we discuss the models, which are based on the spatial order reduction to the 1D coordinate. The models of this type require relatively small computational power relative to the 3D models. Within the scope of this approach, it is also possible to include all large vessels of the organism. The 1D models allow simulation of the haemodynamic parameters in every vessel, which is included in the model network. The structure and the parameters of such a network can be set according to the literature data. It also exists methods of medical data segmentation. The 1D models may be derived from the 3D Navier – Stokes equations either by asymptotic analysis or by integrating them over a volume. The major assumptions are symmetric flow and constant shape of the velocity profile over a cross-section. These assumptions are somewhat restrictive and arguable. Some of the current works paying attention to the 1D model’s validation, to the comparing different 1D models and the comparing 1D models with clinical data. The obtained results reveal acceptable accuracy. It allows concluding, that the 1D approach can be used in medical applications. 1D models allow describing several dynamical processes, such as pulse wave propagation, Korotkov’s tones. Some physiological conditions may be included in the 1D models: gravity force, muscles contraction force, regulation and autoregulation.

Calculations of radiation transport in the shockwave layer of a descent space vehicle cause essential difficulties due to complex multi-resonance dependence of the absorption macroscopic cross sections from the photon energy. The convergence of two approximate spectrum averaging methods to the results of exact pointwise spectrum calculations is investigated. The first one is the well known multigroup method, the second one is the Lebesgue averaging method belonging to methods of the reduction of calculation points by means of aggregation of spectral points which are characterized by equal absorption strength. It is shown that convergence of the Lebesgue averaging method is significantly faster than the multigroup approach as the number of groups is increased. The only 100–150 Lebesgue groups are required to achieve the accuracy of pointwise calculations even in the shock layer at upper atmosphere with sharp absorption lines. At the same time the number of calculations is reduced by more than four order. Series of calculations of the radiation distribution function in 2D shock layer around a sphere and a blunt cone were performed using the local flat layer approximation and the Lebesgue averaging method. It is shown that the shock wave radiation becomes more significant both in value of the energy flux incident on the body surface and in the rate of energy exchange with the gas-dynamic flow in the case of increasing of the vehicle’s size.

Based on the modeling method using a mesh system, an algorithm is implemented for solving a unsteady problem with moving bodies The algorithm takes into account the movement and rotation of bodies according to a given law of motion. The algorithm is applied to analysis the flow around an infinite composed of cylinders with an elliptical cross-section, which either move across the flow or rotate with a change in the angle of attack. To simulate the flow of bodies with a sharp edge, characteristic of the profiles of gas turbine machines, an algorithm for constructing a mesh of type C with the inclusion of a certain area behind the profile is implemented. The program for modeling the flow near the profile is implemented within the framework of models of Euler equations, Navier – Stokes equations in the approximation of a thin layer with laminar viscosity and turbulent viscosity in the framework of an algebraic viscosity model. The program has also been adapted to solve the problems of internal gas dynamics of turbomachines. For this purpose, the method of setting the boundary conditions at the entrance and exit from the calculated area from the velocity to the pressure drop, as well as at the lateral boundaries from the free flow to the periodicity, was changed. This made it possible to simulate the flow of gas in the inter-blade channels of compressors and turbines of gas turbine engines. To refine the algorithm, a series of calculations of the aerodynamic parameters of several turbine cascades in various subsonic and supersonic modes and their comparison with the experiment were carried out. Calculations of turbine grating parameters were carried out within the framework of the inviscid and viscous gas model. The calculation and experiment were compared by the distribution of gas parameters near the profile, as well as by the energy losses of the flow in the cascade. Calculations have shown the applicability and correctness of the program to solve this class of problems. To test the program on the problems of external subsonic aerodynamics, calculations of the aerodynamic characteristics of an isolated airfoil in an undisturbed flow were performed. The results obtained allow us to assert the applicability of the hybrid grid method to various classes of problems of applied gas dynamics.

This paper describes the design of an aquatic robot moving on the surface of a fluid and driven by two internal moving masses. The body of the aquatic robot in cross section has the shape of a symmetrical airfoil with a sharp edge. In this prototype, two internal masses move in circles and are rotated by a single DC motor and a gear mechanism that transmits torque from the motor to each mass. Angular velocities of moving masses are used as a control action, and the developed kinematic scheme for transmitting rotation from the motor to the moving masses allows the rotation of two masses with equal angular velocities in magnitude, but with a different direction of rotation. It is also possible to install additional tail fins of various shapes and sizes on the body of this robot. Also in the work for this object, the equations of motion are presented, written in the form of Kirchhoff equations for the motion of a solid body in an ideal fluid, which are supplemented by terms of viscous resistance. A mathematical description of the additional forces acting on the flexible tail fin is presented. Experimental studies on the influence of various tail fins on the speed of motion in the fluid were carried out with the developed prototype of the robot. In this work, tail fins of the same shape and size were installed on the robot, while having different stiffness. The experiments were carried out in a pool with water, over which a camera was installed, on which video recordings of all the experiments were obtained. Next processing of the video recordings made it possible to obtain the object’s movements coordinates, as well as its linear and angular velocities. The paper shows the difference in the velocities developed by the robot when moving without a tail fin, as well as with tail fins having different stiffness. The comparison of the velocities developed by the robot, obtained in experimental studies, with the results of mathematical modeling of the system is given.

We consider two versions of the maximum cross section method for the solutions of the stationary equation of radiative transfer in dimensional inhomogeneous medium. Both are based on the application Monte-Carlo method to the summation of the Neumann series for the solution transport equation. First modification is traditional and second is based on the use of branching Markov chains. We carried out numerical comparison of these algorithms.

Efficient method for numerical solving of the steady transport equation in x-y-z-geometry has been suggested. The equation is being solved on hexagonal mesh, reflecting real structure of the reactor active zone cross-section. Method of characteristics is used, that inherits all the outcomes from the two-dimensional r-z-geometry calculation. Two variants of the method of characteristics have been applied for solving the transport equation in a cell: method of short characteristics and its conservative modification. It has been confirmed that in three-dimensional geometry conservative method has advantage over pure characteristic and it produces highly accurate solution, especially for quasi-diffusion tensor components.

In the paper, it is represented a linearization method for the stress-strain curves of nonlinearly deformable beams and circular plates in order to generalize the pure bending vibration equations. It is considered composite, on average isotropic prismatic beams of a constant rectangular cross-section and circular plates of a constant thickness made of nonlinearly elastic materials. The technique consists in determining the approximate Young’s moduli from the initial stress-strain state of beam and plate subjected to the action of the bending moment.

The paper proposes two criteria for linearization: the equality of the specific potential energy of deformation and the minimization of the standard deviation in the state equation approximation. The method allows obtaining in the closed form the estimated value of the natural frequencies of layered and structurally heterogeneous, on average isotropic nonlinearly elastic beams and circular plates. This makes it possible to significantly reduce the resources in the vibration analysis and modeling of these structural elements. In addition, the paper shows that the proposed linearization criteria allow to estimate the natural frequencies with the same accuracy.

Since in the general case even isotropic materials exhibit different resistance to tension and compression, it is considered the piecewise-linear Prandtl’s diagrams with proportionality limits and tangential Young’s moduli that differ under tension and compression as the stress-strain curves of the composite material components. As parameters of the stress-strain curve, it is considered the effective Voigt’s characteristics (under the hypothesis of strain homogeneity) for a longitudinally layered material structure; the effective Reuss’ characteristics (under the hypothesis of strain homogeneity) for a transversely layered beam and an axially laminated plate. In addition, the effective Young’s moduli and the proportionality limits, obtained by the author’s homogenization method, are given for a structurally heterogeneous, on average isotropic material. As an example, it is calculated the natural frequencies of two-phase beams depending on the component concentrations.

The paper is devoted to the study of wave and relaxation effects during the pulsed outflow of a gas mixture with a high content of solid particles from a cylindrical channel during its initial partial filling. The problem is formulated in a two-speed two-temperature formulation and was solved numerically by the hybrid large-particle method of the second order of approximation. The numerical algorithm is implemented in the form of parallel computing using basic Free Pascal language tools. The applicability and accuracy of the method for wave flows of concentrated gas-particles mixtures is confirmed by comparison with test asymptotically accurate solutions. The calculation error on a grid of low detail in the characteristic flow zones of a two-phase medium was 10^-6 . . . 10^-5.

Based on the wave diagram, the analysis of the physical pattern of the outflow of a gas suspension partially filling a cylindrical channel is performed. It is established that, depending on the degree of initial filling of the channel, various outflow modes are formed. The first mode is implemented with a small degree of loading of the high-pressure chamber, at which the left boundary of the gas-particles mixture crosses the outlet section before the arrival of the rarefaction wave reflected from the bottom of the channel. At the same time, the maximum value of the mass flow rate of the mixture is achieved. Other modes are formed in cases of a larger initial filling of the channel, when the rarefaction waves reflected from the bottom of the channel interact with the gas suspension layer and reduce the intensity of its outflow.

The influence of relaxation properties with changing particle size on the dynamics of a limited layer of a gas-dispersed medium is studied. Comparison of the outflow of a limited gas suspension layer with different particle sizes shows that for small particles (the Stokes number is less than 0.001), an anomalous phenomenon of the simultaneous existence of shock wave structures in the supersonic and subsonic flow of gas and suspension is observed. With an increase in the size of dispersed inclusions, the compaction jumps in the region of the two-phase mixture are smoothed out, and for particles (the Stokes number is greater than 0.1), they practically disappear. At the same time, the shock-wave configuration of the supersonic gas flow at the outlet of the channel is preserved, and the positions and boundaries of the energy-carrying volumes of the gas suspension are close when the particle sizes change.

The purpose of research was to develop a mathematical model for pulsating blood flow in the part of aorta with their branches. Since the deformation of this most solid part of the aorta is small during the passage of the pulse wave, the blood vessels were considered as non-deformable curved cylinders. The article describes the internal structure of blood and some internal structural effects. This analysis shows that the blood, which is essentially a suspension, can only be regarded as a non-Newtonian fluid. In addition, the blood can be considered as a liquid only in the blood vessels, diameter of which is much higher than the characteristic size of blood cells and their aggregate formations. As a non-Newtonian fluid the viscous liquid with the power law of the relationship of stress with shift velocity was chosen. This law can describe the behaviour not only of liquids but also dispersions. When setting the boundary conditions at the entrance into aorta, reflecting the pulsating nature of the flow of blood, it was decided not to restrict the assignment of the total blood flow, which makes no assumptions about the spatial velocity distribution in a cross section. In this regard, it was proposed to model the surface envelope of this spatial distribution by a part of a paraboloid of rotation with a fixed base radius and height, which varies in time from zero to maximum speed value. The special attention was paid to the interaction of blood with the walls of the vessels. Having regard to the nature of this interaction, the so-called semi-slip condition was formulated as the boundary condition. At the outer ends of the aorta and its branches the amounts of pressure were given. To perform calculations the tetrahedral computer network for geometric model of the aorta with branches has been built. The total number of meshes is 9810. The calculations were performed with use of the software package ABACUS, which has also powerful tools for creating geometry of the model and visualization of calculations. The result is a distribution of velocities and pressure at each time step. In areas of branching vessels was discovered temporary presence of eddies and reverse currents. They were born via 0.47 s from the beginning of the pulse cycle and disappeared after 0.14 s.

Modeling of channel processes in the study of coastal channel deformations requires the calculation of hydrodynamic flow parameters that take into account the existence of secondary transverse currents formed at channel curvature. Three-dimensional modeling of such processes is currently possible only for small model channels; for real river flows, reduced-dimensional models are needed. At the same time, the reduction of the problem from a three-dimensional model of the river flow movement to a two-dimensional flow model in the cross-section assumes that the hydrodynamic flow under consideration is quasi-stationary and the hypotheses about the asymptotic behavior of the flow along the flow coordinate of the cross-section are fulfilled for it. Taking into account these restrictions, a mathematical model of the problem of the a stationary turbulent calm river flow movement in a channel cross-section is formulated. The problem is formulated in a mixed formulation of velocity — “vortex – stream function”. As additional conditions for problem reducing, it is necessary to specify boundary conditions on the flow free surface for the velocity field, determined in the normal and tangential direction to the cross-section axis. It is assumed that the values of these velocities should be determined from the solution of auxiliary problems or obtained from field or experimental measurement data.

To solve the formulated problem, the finite element method in the Petrov – Galerkin formulation is used. Discrete analogue of the problem is obtained and an algorithm for solving it is proposed. Numerical studies have shown that, in general, the results obtained are in good agreement with known experimental data. The authors associate the obtained errors with the need to more accurately determine the circulation velocities field at crosssection of the flow by selecting and calibrating a more appropriate model for calculating turbulent viscosity and boundary conditions at the free boundary of the cross-section.