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This paper presents a model mixture of probability distributions of signal and noise. Typically, when analyzing the data under conditions of uncertainty it is necessary to use nonparametric tests. However, such an analysis of nonstationary data in the presence of uncertainty on the mean of the distribution and its parameters may be ineffective. The model involves the implementation of a case of a priori non-parametric uncertainty in the processing of the signal at a time when the separation of signal and noise are related to different general population, is feasible.

The Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) is a high-performance general-purpose detector at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN. A distributed data analysis system for processing and further analysis of CMS experimental data has been developed and this model foresees the obligatory usage of modern grid-technologies. The CMS Computing Model makes use of the hierarchy of computing centers (Tiers). The Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) takes an active part in the CMS experiment. In order to provide a proper computing infrastructure for the CMS experiment at JINR and for Russian institutes collaborating in CMS, Tier-1 center for the CMS experiment is constructing at JINR. The main tasks and services of the CMS Tier-1 at JINR are described. The status and perspectives of the Tier1 center for the CMS experiment at JINR are presented.

An approach to numerical analysis of thermo-hydraulic processes proceeding in a fast-neutron reactor is described in the given article. The description covers physical models, numerical schemes and geometry simplifications accepted in the computational model. Steady-state and dynamic regimes of reactor operation are considered. The steady-state regimes simulate the reactor operation at nominal power. The dynamic regimes simulate the shutdown reactor cooling by means of the heat-removal system.

Simulation of thermo-hydraulic processes is carried out in the FlowVision CFD software. A mathematical model describing the coolant flow in the first loop of the fast-neutron reactor was developed on the basis of the available geometrical model. The flow of the working fluid in the reactor simulator is calculated under the assumption that the fluid density does not depend on pressure, with use a $k–\varepsilon$ turbulence model, with use of a model of dispersed medium, and with account of conjugate heat exchange. The model of dispersed medium implemented in the FlowVision software allowed taking into account heat exchange between the heat-exchanger lops. Due to geometric complexity of the core region, the zones occupied by the two heat exchangers were modeled by hydraulic resistances and heat sources.

Numerical simulation of the coolant flow in the FlowVision software enabled obtaining the distributions of temperature, velocity and pressure in the entire computational domain. Using the model of dispersed medium allowed calculation of the temperature distributions in the second loops of the heat exchangers. Besides that, the variation of the coolant temperature along the two thermal probes is determined. The probes were located in the cool and hot chambers of the fast-neutron reactor simulator. Comparative analysis of the numerical and experimental data has shown that the developed mathematical model is correct and, therefore, it can be used for simulation of thermo-hydraulic processes proceeding in fast-neutron reactors with sodium coolant.

The conjugate problem of disk movement into gas-filled volume of the spring-type safety valve is solved. The questions of determining the physically correct value of the disk initial lift are considered. The review of existing approaches and methods for solving of such type problems is conducted. The formulation of the problem about the valve actuation when the vessel pressure rises and the mathematical model of the actuation processes are given. A special attention to the binding of physical subtasks is paid. Used methods, numerical schemes and algorithms are described. The mathematical modeling is performed on basе the fundamental system of differential equations for viscous gas movement with the equation for displacement of disk valve. The solution of this problem in the axe symmetric statement is carried out numerically using the finite volume method. The results obtained by the viscous and inviscid models are compared. In an inviscid formulation this problem is solved using the Godunov scheme, and in a viscous formulation is solved using the Kurganov – Tadmor method. The dependence of the disk displacement on time was obtained and compared with the experimental data. The pressure distribution on the disk surface, velocity profiles in the cross sections of the gap for different disk heights are given. It is shown that a value of initial drive lift it does not affect on the gas flow and valve movement part dynamic. It can significantly reduce the calculation time of the full cycle of valve work. Immediate isotahs for various elevations of the disk are presented. The comparison of jet flow over critical section is given. The data carried out by two numerical experiments are well correlated with each other. So, the inviscid model can be applied to the numerical modeling of the safety valve dynamic.

The biological structure is considered as an open nonequilibrium system which properties can be described on the basis of kinetic equations. New problems with nonequilibrium boundary conditions are introduced. The nonequilibrium distribution tends gradually to an equilibrium state. The region of spatial inhomogeneity has a scale depending on the rate of mass transfer in the open system and the characteristic time of metabolism. In the proposed approximation, the internal energy of the motion of molecules is much less than the energy of translational motion. Or in other terms we can state that the kinetic energy of the average blood velocity is substantially higher than the energy of chaotic motion of the same particles. We state that the relaxation problem models a living system. The flow of entropy to the system decreases in downstream, this corresponds to Shrödinger’s general ideas that the living system “feeds on” negentropy. We introduce a quantity that determines the complexity of the biosystem, more precisely, this is the difference between the nonequilibrium kinetic entropy and the equilibrium entropy at each spatial point integrated over the entire spatial region. Solutions to the problems of spatial relaxation allow us to estimate the size of biosystems as regions of nonequilibrium. The results are compared with empirical data, in particular, for mammals we conclude that the larger the size of animals, the smaller the specific energy of metabolism. This feature is reproduced in our model since the span of the nonequilibrium region is larger in the system where the reaction rate is shorter, or in terms of the kinetic approach, the longer the relaxation time of the interaction between the molecules. The approach is also used for estimation of a part of a living system, namely a green leaf. The problems of aging as degradation of an open nonequilibrium system are considered. The analogy is related to the structure, namely, for a closed system, the equilibrium of the structure is attained for the same molecules while in the open system, a transition occurs to the equilibrium of different particles, which change due to metabolism. Two essentially different time scales are distinguished, the ratio of which is approximately constant for various animal species. Under the assumption of the existence of these two time scales the kinetic equation splits in two equations, describing the metabolic (stationary) and “degradative” (nonstationary) parts of the process.

The article reports the findings of an investigation into pollution migration processes at the municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill located in the water protection zone of Lake Seliger (Tver Region). The distribution of pollutants is investigated and migration parameters are determined in field and laboratory conditions at the landfill site. A mathematical model describing physical and chemical processes of substance migration in soil strata is constructed. Pollutant migration is found to be due to a variety of factors. The major ones, having a significant impact on the migration of MSW ingredients and taken into account mathematically, include convective transport, diffusion and sorption processes. A modified mathematical model differs from its conventional counterparts by considering a number of parameters reflecting the decrease in the concentration of ammonium and nitrate nitrogen ions in ground water (transpiration by plant roots, dilution with infiltration waters, etc.). An analytical solution to assess the pollutant spread from the landfill is presented. The mathematical model provides a set of simulation models helping to obtain a computational solution of specific problems, vertical and horizontal migration of substances in the underground flow. Numerical experiments, analytical solutions, as well as field and laboratory data was studied the dynamics of pollutant distribution in the object under study up to the lake. A long-term forecast for the spread of landfill pollution is made. Simulation experiments showed that some zones of clean groundwater interact with those of contaminated groundwater during the pollution migration from the landfill, each characterized by a different pollutant content. The data of a computational experiments and analytical calculations are consistent with the findings of field and laboratory investigations of the object and give grounds to recommend the proposed models for predicting pollution migration from a landfill. The analysis of the pollution migration simulation allows to substantiate the numerical estimates of the increase in $NH_4^+$ and $NO_3^-$ ion concentration with the landfill operation time. It is found that, after 100 years following the landfill opening, toxic filtrate components will fill the entire pore space from the landfill to the lake resulting in a significant deterioration of the ecosystem of Lake Seliger.

The paper analyzes the methods of studying the process of interaction of soil environments with the tillage tools of soil processing machines. The mathematical methods of numerical modeling are considered in detail, which make it possible to overcome the disadvantages of analytical and empirical approaches. A classification and overview of the possibilities the continuous (FEM — finite element method, CFD — computational fluid dynamics) and discrete (DEM — discrete element method, SPH — hydrodynamics of smoothed particles) numerical methods is presented. Based on the discrete element method, a mathematical model has been developed that represents the soil in the form of a set of interacting small spherical elements. The working surfaces of the tillage tool are presented in the framework of the finite element approximation in the form of a combination of many elementary triangles. The model calculates the movement of soil elements under the action of contact forces of soil elements with each other and with the working surfaces of the tillage tool (elastic forces, dry and viscous friction forces). This makes it possible to assess the influence of the geometric parameters of the tillage tools, technological parameters of the process and soil parameters on the geometric indicators of soil displacement, indicators of the self-installation of tools, power loads, quality indicators of loosening and spatial distribution of indicators. A total of 22 indicators were investigated (or the distribution of the indicator in space). This makes it possible to reproduce changes in the state of the system of elements of the soil (soil cultivation process) and determine the total mechanical effect of the elements on the moving tillage tools of the implement. A demonstration of the capabilities of the mathematical model is given by the example of a study of soil cultivation with a disk cultivator battery. In the computer experiment, a virtual soil channel of 5×1.4 m in size and a 3D model of a disk cultivator battery were used. The radius of the soil particles was taken to be 18 mm, the speed of the tillage tool was 1 m/s, the total simulation time was 5 s. The processing depth was 10 cm at angles of attack of 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30°. The verification of the reliability of the simulation results was carried out on a laboratory stand for volumetric dynamometry by examining a full-scale sample, made in full accordance with the investigated 3D-model. The control was carried out according to three components of the traction resistance vector: $F_x$, $F_y$ and $F_z$. Comparison of the data obtained experimentally with the simulation data showed that the discrepancy is not more than 22.2%, while in all cases the maximum discrepancy was observed at angles of attack of the disk battery of 30°. Good consistency of data on three key power parameters confirms the reliability of the whole complex of studied indicators.

The paper is devoted to the secondary use of spectrum in telecommunication networks. It is emphasized that one of the solutions to this problem is the use of cognitive radio technologies and dynamic spectrum access for the successful functioning of which a large amount of information is required, including the parameters of base stations and network subscribers. Storage and processing of information should be carried out using a radio environment map, which is a spatio-temporal database of all activity in the network and allows you to determine the frequencies available for use at a given time. The paper presents a two-level model for forming a map of the radio environment of a cellular communication system LTE, in which the local and global levels are highlighted, which is described by the following parameters: a set of frequencies, signal attenuation, signal propagation map, grid step, current time count. The key objects of the model are the base station and the subscriber unit. The main parameters of the base station include: name, identifier, cell coordinates, range number, radiation power, numbers of connected subscriber devices, dedicated resource blocks. For subscriber devices, the following parameters are used: name, identifier, location, current coordinates of the device cell, base station identifier, frequency range, numbers of resource blocks for communication with the station, radiation power, data transmission status, list of numbers of the nearest stations, schedules movement and communication sessions of devices. An algorithm for the implementation of the model is presented, taking into account the scenarios of movement and communication sessions of subscriber devices. A method for calculating a map of the radio environment at a point on a coordinate grid, taking into account losses during the propagation of radio signals from emitting devices, is presented. The software implementation of the model is performed using the MatLab package. The approaches are described that allow to increase the speed of its work. In the simulation, the choice of parameters was carried out taking into account the data of the existing communication systems and the economy of computing resources. The experimental results of the algorithm for the formation of a radio environment map are demonstrated, confirming the correctness of the developed model.

The article deals with the nonlinear boundary-value problem of hydrogen permeability corresponding to the following experiment. A membrane made of the target structural material heated to a sufficiently high temperature serves as the partition in the vacuum chamber. Degassing is performed in advance. A constant pressure of gaseous (molecular) hydrogen is built up at the inlet side. The penetrating flux is determined by mass-spectrometry in the vacuum maintained at the outlet side.

A linear model of dependence on concentration is adopted for the coefficient of dissolved atomic hydrogen diffusion in the bulk. The temperature dependence conforms to the Arrhenius law. The surface processes of dissolution and sorptiondesorption are taken into account in the form of nonlinear dynamic boundary conditions (differential equations for the dynamics of surface concentrations of atomic hydrogen). The characteristic mathematical feature of the boundary-value problem is that concentration time derivatives are included both in the diffusion equation and in the boundary conditions with quadratic nonlinearity. In terms of the general theory of functional differential equations, this leads to the so-called neutral type equations and requires a more complex mathematical apparatus. An iterative computational algorithm of second-(higher- )order accuracy is suggested for solving the corresponding nonlinear boundary-value problem based on explicit-implicit difference schemes. To avoid solving the nonlinear system of equations at every time step, we apply the explicit component of difference scheme to slower sub-processes.

The results of numerical modeling are presented to confirm the fitness of the model to experimental data. The degrees of impact of variations in hydrogen permeability parameters (“derivatives”) on the penetrating flux and the concentration distribution of H atoms through the sample thickness are determined. This knowledge is important, in particular, when designing protective structures against hydrogen embrittlement or membrane technologies for producing high-purity hydrogen. The computational algorithm enables using the model in the analysis of extreme regimes for structural materials (pressure drops, high temperatures, unsteady heating), identifying the limiting factors under specific operating conditions, and saving on costly experiments (especially in deuterium-tritium investigations).

In the paper we construct the model of phase change. Process of hydriding / dehydriding is taken as an example. A single powder particle is considered under the assumption about its symmetry. A ball, a cylinder, and a flat plate are examples of such symmetrical shapes. The model desribes both the "shrinking core"(when the skin of the new phase appears on the surface of the particle) and the "nucleation and growth"(when the skin does not appear till complete vanishing of the old phase) scenarios. The model is the non-classical boundary-value problem with the free boundary and nonlinear Neumann boundary condition. The symmetry assumptions allow to reduce the problem to the single spatial variable. The model was tested on the series of experimental data. We show that the particle shape’s influence on the kinetics is insignificant. We also show that a set of particles of different shapes with size distribution can be approxomated by the single particle of the "average" size and of a simple shape; this justifies using single particle approximation and simple shapes in mathematical models.