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We describe an engineering-psychological experiment that continues the study of ways to adapt a person to the increasing complexity of logical problems by presenting a series of problems of increasing complexity, which is determined by the volume of initial data. Tasks require calculations in an associative or non-associative system of operations. By the nature of the change in the time of solving the problem, depending on the number of necessary operations, we can conclude that a purely sequential method of solving problems or connecting additional brain resources to the solution in parallel mode. In a previously published experimental work, a person in the process of solving an associative problem recognized color images with meaningful images. In the new study, a similar problem is solved for abstract monochrome geometric shapes. Analysis of the result showed that for the second case, the probability of the subject switching to a parallel method of processing visual information is significantly reduced. The research method is based on presenting a person with two types of tasks. One type of problem contains associative calculations and allows a parallel solution algorithm. Another type of problem is the control one, which contains problems in which calculations are not associative and parallel algorithms are ineffective. The task of recognizing and searching for a given object is associative. A parallel strategy significantly speeds up the solution with relatively small additional resources. As a control series of problems (to separate parallel work from the acceleration of a sequential algorithm), we use, as in the previous experiment, a non-associative comparison problem in cyclic arithmetic, presented in the visual form of the game “rock, paper, scissors”. In this problem, the parallel algorithm requires a large number of processors with a small efficiency coefficient. Therefore, the transition of a person to a parallel algorithm for solving this problem is almost impossible, and the acceleration of processing input information is possible only by increasing the speed. Comparing the dependence of the solution time on the volume of source data for two types of problems allows us to identify four types of strategies for adapting to the increasing complexity of the problem: uniform sequential, accelerated sequential, parallel computing (where possible), or undefined (for this method) strategy. The Reducing of the number of subjects, who switch to a parallel strategy when encoding input information with formal images, shows the effectiveness of codes that cause subject associations. They increase the speed of human perception and processing of information. The article contains a preliminary mathematical model that explains this phenomenon. It is based on the appearance of a second set of initial data, which occurs in a person as a result of recognizing the depicted objects.

The work is devoted to the study of the influence of nonlinear processes in the boundary layer on the general nature of gas flows in microchannels of technical systems. Such a study is actually concerned with nanotechnology problems. One of the important problems in this area is the analysis of gas flows in microchannels in the case of transient and supersonic flows. The results of this analysis are important for the gas-dynamic spraying techique and for the synthesis of new nanomaterials. Due to the complexity of the implementation of full-scale experiments on micro- and nanoscale, they are most often replaced by computer simulations. The efficiency of computer simulations is achieved by both the use of new multiscale models and the combination of mesh and particle methods. In this work, we use the molecular dynamics method. It is applied to study the establishment of a gas microflow in a metal channel. Nitrogen was chosen as the gaseous medium. The metal walls of the microchannels consisted of nickel atoms. In numerical experiments, the accommodation coefficients were calculated at the boundary between the gas flow and the metal wall. The study of the microsystem in the boundary layer made it possible to form a multicomponent macroscopic model of the boundary conditions. This model was integrated into the macroscopic description of the flow based on a system of quasi-gas-dynamic equations. On the basis of such a transformed gas-dynamic model, calculations of microflow in real microsystem were carried out. The results were compared with the classical calculation of the flow, which does not take into account nonlinear processes in the boundary layer. The comparison showed the need to use the developed model of boundary conditions and its integration with the classical gas-dynamic approach.

Actin is a conserved structural protein that is expressed in all eukaryotic cells. When polymerized, it forms long filaments of fibrillar actin, or F-actin, which are involved in the formation of the cytoskeleton, in muscle contraction and its regulation, and in many other processes. The dynamic and mechanical properties of actin are important for interaction with other proteins and the realization of its numerous functions in the cell. We performed 204.8 ns long molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of an actin filament segment consisting of 24 monomers in the absence and the presence of MgADP at 300 K in the presence of a solvent and at physiological ionic strength using the AMBER99SBILDN and CHARMM36 force fields in the GROMACS software environment, using modern structural models as the initial structure obtained by high-resolution cryoelectron microscopy. MD calculations have shown that the stationary regime of fluctuations in the structure of the F-actin long segment is developed 80–100 ns after the start of the MD trajectory. Based on the results of MD calculations, the main parameters of the actin helix and its bending, longitudinal, and torsional stiffness were estimated using a section of the calculation model that is far enough away from its ends. The estimated subunit axial (2.72–2.75 nm) and angular (165–168^◦) translation of the F-actin helix, its bending (2.8–4.7 · 10⁻²⁶ N·m²), longitudinal (36–47·10⁻⁹ N), and torsional (2.6–3.1·10⁻²⁶ N·m²) stiffness are in good agreement with the results of the most reliable experiments. The results of MD calculations have shown that modern structural models of F-actin make it possible to accurately describe its dynamics and mechanical properties, provided that computational models contain a sufficiently large number of monomers, modern force fields, and relatively long MD trajectories are used. The inclusion of actin partner proteins, in particular, tropomyosin and troponin, in the MD model can help to understand the molecular mechanisms of such important processes as the regulation of muscle contraction.

This paper provides an overview of studies on nonlinear supratransmission and related phenomena. This effect consists in the transfer of energy at frequencies not supported by the systems under consideration. The supratransmission does not depend on the integrability of the system, it is resistant to damping and various classes of boundary conditions. In addition, a nonlinear discrete medium, under certain general conditions imposed on the structure, can create instability due to external periodic influence. This instability is the generative process underlying the nonlinear supratransmission. This is possible when the system supports nonlinear modes of various nature, in particular, discrete breathers. Then the energy penetrates into the system as soon as the amplitude of the external harmonic excitation exceeds the maximum amplitude of the static breather of the same frequency.

The effect of nonlinear supratransmission is an important property of many discrete structures. A necessary condition for its existence is the discreteness and nonlinearity of the medium. Its manifestation in systems of various nature speaks of its fundamentality and significance. This review considers the main works that touch upon the issue of nonlinear supratransmission in various systems, mainly model ones.

Many teams of authors are studying this effect. First of all, these are models described by discrete equations, including sin-Gordon and the discrete Schr¨odinger equation. At the same time, the effect is not exclusively model and manifests itself in full-scale experiments in electrical circuits, in nonlinear chains of oscillators, as well as in metastable modular metastructures. There is a gradual complication of models, which leads to a deeper understanding of the phenomenon of supratransmission, and the transition to disordered structures and those with elements of chaos structures allows us to talk about a more subtle manifestation of this effect. Numerical asymptotic approaches make it possible to study nonlinear supratransmission in complex nonintegrable systems. The complication of all kinds of oscillators, both physical and electrical, is relevant for various real devices based on such systems, in particular, in the field of nano-objects and energy transport in them through the considered effect. Such systems include molecular and crystalline clusters and nanodevices. In the conclusion of the paper, the main trends in the research of nonlinear supratransmission are given.

This paper presents a methodology for modeling centrifugal pumps using the example of the NM 1250 260 main oil centrifugal pump. We use FlowVision CFD software as the numerical modeling instrument. Bench tests and numerical modeling use water as a working fluid. The geometrical model of the pump is fully three-dimensional and includes the pump housing to account for leakages. In order to reduce the required computational resources, the methodology specifies leakages using flow rate rather than directly modeling them. Surface roughness influences flow through the wall function model. The wall function model uses an equivalent sand roughness, and a formula for converting real roughness into equivalent sand roughness is applied in this work. FlowVision uses the sliding mesh method for simulation of the rotation of the impeller. This approach takes into account the nonstationary interaction between the rotor and diffuser of the pump, allowing for accurate resolution of recirculation vortices that occur at low flow rates.

The developed methodology has achieved high consistency between numerical simulations results and experiments at all pump operating conditions. The deviation in efficiency at nominal conditions is 0.42%, and in head is 1.9%. The deviation of calculated characteristics from experimental ones increases as the flow rate increases and reaches a maximum at the far-right point of the characteristic curve (up to 4.8% in head). This phenomenon occurs due to a slight mismatch between the geometric model of the impeller used in the calculation and the real pump model from the experiment. However, the average arithmetic relative deviation between numerical modeling and experiment for pump efficiency at 6 points is 0.39%, with an experimental efficiency measurement error of 0.72%. This meets the accuracy requirements for calculations. In the future, this methodology can be used for a series of optimization and strength calculations, as modeling does not require significant computational resources and takes into account the non-stationary nature of flow in the pump.

The second part presents numerical studies of the parameters of the lower ionosphere at altitudes of 40–90 km when heated by powerful high-frequency radio waves of various frequencies and powers. The problem statement is considered in the first part of the article. The main attention is paid to the interrelation between the energy and kinetic parameters of the disturbed $D$-region of the ionosphere in the processes that determine the absorption and transformation of the radio beam energy flux in space and time. The possibility of a significant difference in the behavior of the parameters of the disturbed region in the daytime and at nighttime, both in magnitude and in space-time distribution, is shown. In the absence of sufficiently reliable values of the rate constants for a number of important kinetic processes, numerical studies were carried out in stages with the gradual addition of individual processes and kinetic blocks corresponding at the same time to a certain physical content. It is shown that the energy thresholds for inelastic collisions of electrons with air molecules are the main ones. This approach made it possible to detect the effect of the emergence of a self-oscillating mode of changing parameters if the main channel for energy losses in inelastic processes is the most energy-intensive process — ionization. This effect may play a role in plasma studies using high-frequency inductive and capacitive discharges. The results of calculations of the ionization and optical parameters of the disturbed $D$-region for daytime conditions are presented. The electron temperature, density, emission coefficients in the visible and infrared ranges of the spectrum are obtained for various values of the power of the radio beam and its frequency in the lower ionosphere. The height-time distribution of the absorbed radiation power is calculated, which is necessary in studies of higher layers of the ionosphere. The influence on the electron temperature and on the general behavior of the parameters of energy losses by electrons on the excitation of vibrational and metastable states of molecules has been studied in detail. It is shown that under nighttime conditions, when the electron concentration begins at altitudes of about 80 km, and the concentration of heavy particles decreases by two orders of magnitude compared to the average $D$-region, large-scale gas-dynamic motion can develop with sufficient radio emission power The algorithm was developed based on the McCormack method and two-dimensional gas-dynamic calculations of the behavior of the parameters of the perturbed region were performed with some simplifications of the kinetics.

This article describes an experience of LIT JINR team in application software packages adaptation for running in different grid environments. Peculiarities of the applications “gridification” depending on their possible launch modes and a type of the matching computational resources are given. The particular applications and grid environments which applications are adopted for are listed.

Work is devoted to modeling instrumental errors of a laser beam diameter measurement using a method based on a lambertian transmissive screen. Super-Lorenz distribution was used as a model of the beam. To determine the effect of each parameter on the measurement error were performed computational experiments, results of which were approximated by analytic functions. There were obtained the errors depending on relative beam size, spatial non-uniformity of the transmission screen, lens distortion, physical vignetting, beam tilt, CCD spatial resolution, ADC resolution of a camera. There was shown that the error can be less then 1 %.

The Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) is a high-performance general-purpose detector at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN. A distributed data analysis system for processing and further analysis of CMS experimental data has been developed and this model foresees the obligatory usage of modern grid-technologies. The CMS Computing Model makes use of the hierarchy of computing centers (Tiers). The Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) takes an active part in the CMS experiment. In order to provide a proper computing infrastructure for the CMS experiment at JINR and for Russian institutes collaborating in CMS, Tier-1 center for the CMS experiment is constructing at JINR. The main tasks and services of the CMS Tier-1 at JINR are described. The status and perspectives of the Tier1 center for the CMS experiment at JINR are presented.

Investigation of logical deterministic cellular automata models of population dynamics allows to reveal detailed individual-based mechanisms. The search for such mechanisms is important in connection with ecological problems caused by overexploitation of natural resources, environmental pollution and climate change. Classical models of population dynamics have the phenomenological nature, as they are “black boxes”. Phenomenological models fundamentally complicate research of detailed mechanisms of ecosystem functioning. We have investigated the role of fecundity and duration of resources regeneration in mechanisms of population growth using four models of ecosystem with one species. These models are logical deterministic cellular automata and are based on physical axiomatics of excitable medium with regeneration. We have modeled catastrophic death of population arising from increasing of resources regeneration duration. It has been shown that greater fecundity accelerates population extinction. The investigated mechanisms are important for understanding mechanisms of sustainability of ecosystems and biodiversity conservation. Prospects of the presented modeling approach as a method of transparent multilevel modeling of complex systems are discussed.