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The paper presents the results of numerical simulation and experimental data on the high-speed penetration of the impactor into the obstacle. In the calculations, a discrete-element model has been used, based on the representation of the impactor and the target by a set of close packed interconnected particles. This class of models finds an increasingly wide application in the problems of high-speed interaction of bodies. In the previous works of the authors, the questions of application of the discrete-element model to the problem of the penetration of spherical impactors into massive targets were considered. On the basis of a comparative analysis of the data of computational and physical experiments, it was found out that for a wide class of high-speed penetration problems, a high accuracy of discrete-element modeling can be achieved using the two-parameter Lennard–Jones potential. The binding energy was identified as a function of the dynamic hardness of materials. It was shown that the use of this approach makes it possible to describe accurately the penetration process in the range of impactor velocities 500–2500 m/c.

In this paper, we compare the results of discrete-element modeling with experimental data on penetration of high-strength targets of different thickness by steel impactors. The use of computational parallelization technologies on graphic processors in combination with 3D visualization and animation of the results makes it possible to obtain detailed spatio-temporal patterns of the penetration process and compare them with experimental data.

A comparative analysis of the experimental and calculated data has shown a sufficiently high accuracy of discrete-element modeling for a wide range of target thicknesses: for thin targets pierced with preservation of the integrity of the deformed impactor, for targets of medium thickness, pierced with practically complete fragmentation of the impactor at the exit from the target, and for thick impenetrable targets.

In various areas of science, technology, environment protection, construction, it is very important to study processes of porous materials interaction with different substances in different aggregation states. From the point of view of ecology and environmental protection it is particularly actual to investigate processes of porous materials interaction with water in liquid and gaseous phases. Since one mole of water contains 6.022140857 · 10²³ molecules of H₂O, macroscopic approaches considering the water vapor as continuum media in the framework of classical aerodynamics are mainly used to describe properties, for example properties of water vapor in the pore. In this paper we construct and use for simulation the macroscopic two-dimensional diffusion model [Bitsadze, Kalinichenko, 1980] describing the behavior of water vapor inside the isolated pore. Together with the macroscopic model it is proposed microscopic model of the behavior of water vapor inside the isolated pores. This microscopic model is built within the molecular dynamics approach [Gould et al., 2005]. In the microscopic model a description of each water molecule motion is based on Newton classical mechanics considering interactions with other molecules and pore walls. Time evolution of “water vapor – pore” system is explored. Depending on the external to the pore conditions the system evolves to various states of equilibrium, characterized by different values of the macroscopic characteristics such as temperature, density, pressure. Comparisons of results of molecular dynamic simulations with the results of calculations based on the macroscopic diffusion model and experimental data allow to conclude that the combination of macroscopic and microscopic approach could produce more adequate and more accurate description of processes of water vapor interaction with porous materials.

This article is devoted to the study of self-propulsion of bodies in a fluid by the action of internal mechanisms, without changing the external shape of the body. The paper presents an overview of theoretical papers that justify the possibility of this displacement in ideal and viscous liquids.

A special case of self-propulsion of a rigid body along the surface of a liquid is considered due to the motion of two internal masses along the circles. The paper presents a mathematical model of the motion of a solid body with moving internal masses in a three-dimensional formulation. This model takes into account the three-dimensional vibrations of the body during motion, which arise under the action of external forces-gravity force, Archimedes force and forces acting on the body, from the side of a viscous fluid.

The body is a homogeneous elliptical cylinder with a keel located along the larger diagonal. Inside the cylinder there are two material point masses moving along the circles. The centers of the circles lie on the smallest diagonal of the ellipse at an equal distance from the center of mass.

Equations of motion of the system (a body with two material points, placed in a fluid) are represented as Kirchhoff equations with the addition of external forces and moments acting on the body. The phenomenological model of viscous friction is quadratic in velocity used to describe the forces of resistance to motion in a fluid. The coefficients of resistance to movement were determined experimentally. The forces acting on the keel were determined by numerical modeling of the keel oscillations in a viscous liquid using the Navier – Stokes equations.

In this paper, an experimental verification of the proposed mathematical model was carried out. Several series of experiments on self-propulsion of a body in a liquid by means of rotation of internal masses with different speeds of rotation are presented. The dependence of the average propagation velocity, the amplitude of the transverse oscillations as a function of the rotational speed of internal masses is investigated. The obtained experimental data are compared with the results obtained within the framework of the proposed mathematical model.

The article proposes a model for assessing the potential strength of a composite material based on modern fibers with brittle fracture.

Materials consisting of parallel cylindrical fibers that are quasi-statically stretched in one direction are simulated. It is assumed that the sample is not less than 100 pieces, which corresponds to almost significant cases. It is known that the fibers have a distribution of ultimate deformation in the sample and are not destroyed at the same moment. Usually the distribution of their properties is described by the Weibull–Gnedenko statistical distribution. To simulate the strength of the composite, a model of fiber breaks accumulation is used. It is assumed that the fibers united by the polymer matrix are crushed to twice the inefficient length — the distance at which the stresses increase from the end of the broken fiber to the middle one. However, this model greatly overestimates the strength of composites with brittle fibers. For example, carbon and glass fibers are destroyed in this way.

In some cases, earlier attempts were made to take into account the stress concentration near the broken fiber (Hedgepest model, Ermolenko model, shear analysis), but such models either required a lot of initial data or did not coincide with the experiment. In addition, such models idealize the packing of fibers in the composite to the regular hexagonal packing.

The model combines the shear analysis approach to stress distribution near the destroyed fiber and the statistical approach of fiber strength based on the Weibull–Gnedenko distribution, while introducing a number of assumptions that simplify the calculation without loss of accuracy.

It is assumed that the stress concentration on the adjacent fiber increases the probability of its destruction in accordance with the Weibull distribution, and the number of such fibers with an increased probability of destruction is directly related to the number already destroyed before. All initial data can be obtained from simple experiments. It is shown that accounting for redistribution only for the nearest fibers gives an accurate forecast.

This allowed a complete calculation of the strength of the composite. The experimental data obtained by us on carbon fibers, glass fibers and model composites based on them (CFRP, GFRP), confirm some of the conclusions of the model.

In a number of fundamental and practical problems, it is necessary to describe the dynamics of the motion of complexshaped particles in a high-speed gas flow. An example is the movement of coal particles behind the front of a strong shock wave during an explosion in a coal mine. The paper is devoted to numerical simulation of the dynamics of translational and rotational motion of a square-shaped body, as an example of a particle of a more complex shape than a round one, in a supersonic flow behind a passing shock wave. The formulation of the problem approximately corresponds to the experiments of Professor V. M. Boiko and Professor S. V. Poplavski (ITAM SB RAS).

Mathematical model is based on the two-dimensional Euler equations, which are solved in a region with varying boundaries. The defining system of equations is integrated using an explicit scheme and the Cartesian grid method which was developed and verified earlier. The computational algorithm at the time integration step includes: determining the step value, calculating the dynamics of the body movement (determining the force and moment acting on the body; determining the linear and angular velocities of the body; calculating the new coordinates of the body), calculating the gas parameters. To calculate numerical fluxes through the edges of the cell intersected by the boundaries of the body, we use a two-wave approximation for solving the Riemann problem and the Steger – Warming scheme.

The movement of a square with a side of 6 mm was initiated by the passage of a shock wave with a Mach number of 3,0 propagating in a flat channel 800 mm long and 60 mm wide. The channel was filled with air at low pressure. Different initial orientation of the square relative to the channel axis was considered. It is found that the initial position of the square with its side across the flow is less stable during its movement than the initial position with a diagonal across the flow. In this case, the calculated results qualitatively correspond to experimental observations. For the intermediate initial positions of a square, a typical mode of its motion is described, consisting of oscillations close to harmonic, turning into rotation with a constant average angular velocity. During the movement of the square, there is an average monotonous decrease in the distance between the center of mass and the center of pressure to zero.

A method for studying the dispersion characteristics of photonic crystals — media with a dielectric constant that varies periodically in space — is considered. The method is based on the representation of the wave functions and permittivity of a periodic medium in the form of Fourier series and their subsequent substitution into the wave equation, which leads to the formulation of the dispersion equation. Using the latter, for each value of the wave vector it is possible determined a set of eigen frequencies. Each of eigen frequency forms a separate dispersion curve as a continuous function of the wave number. The Fourier expansion coefficients of the permittivity, which depend on the vectors of the reciprocal lattice of the photonic crystal, are determined on the basis of data on the geometric characteristics of the elements that form the crystal, their electrophysical properties and the density of the crystal. The solution of the dispersion equation found makes it possible to obtain complete information about the number of modes propagating in a periodic structure at different frequencies, and about the possibility of forming band gaps, i.e. frequency ranges within which wave propagation through a photonic crystal is impossible. The focus of this work is on the application of this method to the analysis of the dispersion properties of metallic photonic crystals. The difficulties that arise in this case due to the presence of intrinsic dispersion properties of the metals that form the elements of the crystal are overcome by an analytical description of their permittivity based on the model of free electrons. As a result, a dispersion equation is formulated, the numerical solution of which is easily algorithmized. That makes possible to determine the dispersion characteristics of metallic photonic crystals with arbitrary parameters. Obtained by this method the results of calculation of dispersion diagrams, which characterize two-dimensional metal photonic crystals, are compared with experimental data and numerical results obtained using the method of self-consistent equations. Their good agreement is demonstrated.

An algorithm is proposed to identify parameters of a 2D vortex structure used on information about the flow velocity at a finite (small) set of reference points. The approach is based on using a set of point vortices as a model system and minimizing a functional that compares the model and known sets of velocity vectors in the space of model parameters. For numerical implementation, the method of gradient descent with step size control, approximation of derivatives by finite differences, and the analytical expression of the velocity field induced by the point vortex model are used. An experimental analysis of the operation of the algorithm on test flows is carried out: one and a system of several point vortices, a Rankine vortex, and a Lamb dipole. According to the velocity fields of test flows, the velocity vectors utilized for identification were arranged in a randomly distributed set of reference points (from 3 to 200 pieces). Using the computations, it was determined that: the algorithm converges to the minimum from a wide range of initial approximations; the algorithm converges in all cases when the reference points are located in areas where the streamlines of the test and model systems are topologically equivalent; if the streamlines of the systems are not topologically equivalent, then the percentage of successful calculations decreases, but convergence can also take place; when the method converges, the coordinates of the vortices of the model system are close to the centers of the vortices of the test configurations, and in many cases, the values of their circulations also; con-vergence depends more on location than on the number of vectors used for identification. The results of the study allow us to recommend the proposed algorithm for identifying 2D vortex structures whose streamlines are topologically close to systems of point vortices.

This work is devoted to the numerical study of high-speed mixing layers of compressible flows. The problem under consideration has a wide range of applications in practical tasks and, despite its apparent simplicity, is quite complex in terms of modeling. Because in the mixing layer, as a result of the instability of the tangential discontinuity of velocities, the flow passes from laminar flow to turbulent mode. Therefore, the obtained numerical results of the considered problem strongly depend on the adequacy of the used turbulence models. In the presented work, this problem is studied based on the two-fluid approach to the problem of turbulence. This approach has arisen relatively recently and is developing quite rapidly. The main advantage of the two-fluid approach is that it leads to a closed system of equations, when, as is known, the long-standing Reynolds approach leads to an open system of equations. The paper presents the essence of the two-fluid approach for modeling a turbulent compressible medium and the methodology for numerical implementation of the proposed model. To obtain a stationary solution, the relaxation method and Prandtl boundary layer theory were applied, resulting in a simplified system of equations. In the considered problem, high-speed flows are mixed. Therefore, it is also necessary to model heat transfer, and the pressure cannot be considered constant, as is done for incompressible flows. In the numerical implementation, the convective terms in the hydrodynamic equations were approximated by the upwind scheme with the second order of accuracy in explicit form, and the diffusion terms in the right-hand sides of the equations were approximated by the central difference in implicit form. The sweep method was used to implement the obtained equations. The SIMPLE method was used to correct the velocity through the pressure. The paper investigates a two-liquid turbulence model with different initial flow turbulence intensities. The obtained numerical results showed that good agreement with the known experimental data is observed at the inlet turbulence intensity of $0.1 < I < 1 \%$. Data from known experiments, as well as the results of the $k − kL + J$ and LES models, are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed turbulence model. It is demonstrated that the two-liquid model is as accurate as known modern models and more efficient in terms of computing resources.

The computation model of the interlayer magnetostatic energy and its contribution into the total magnetic energy of multilayer films has been proposed. The model has been used for the energy computation of three-layer Co/Cu/Co structure. The comparison of obtained theoretical results with experimental data has been allowed made an estimation of magnetostatic interaction influence on a value and a character of saturation field behavior for such structures.

The paper discusses the possibility of modeling the strength anisotropy of layered elastic medium using a scalar damage parameter. Thermodynamically consistent constitutive equations are formulated. Using SIMULIA / Abaqus we numerically simulated the stretching and compression of the samples. The results of calculation using the proposed model are compared with the known experimental data from the literature and the predictions of traditional models.