All issues

We consider an application of the Message Passing Interface (MPI) technology for parallelization of the program code which solves equation of the linear elasticity theory. The solution of this equation describes the propagation of elastic waves in demormable rigid bodies. The solution of such direct problem of seismic wave propagation is of interest in seismics and geophysics. Our implementation of solver uses grid-characteristic method to make simulations. We consider technique to reduce time of communication between MPI processes during the simulation. This is important when it is necessary to conduct modeling in complex problem formulations, and still maintain the high level of parallelism effectiveness, even when thousands of processes are used. A solution of the problem of effective communication is extremely important when several computational grids with arbirtrary geometry of contacts between them are used in the calculation. The complexity of this task increases if an independent distribution of the grid nodes between processes is allowed. In this paper, a generalized approach is developed for processing contact conditions in terms of nodes reinterpolation from a given section of one grid to a certain area of the second grid. An efficient way of parallelization and establishing effective interprocess communications is proposed. For provided example problems we provide wave fileds and seismograms for both 2D and 3D formulations. It is shown that the algorithm can be realized both on Cartesian and on structured (curvilinear) computational grids. The considered statements demonstrate the possibility of carrying out calculations taking into account the surface topographies and curvilinear geometry of curvilinear contacts between the geological layers. Application of curvilinear grids allows to obtain more accurate results than when calculating only using Cartesian grids. The resulting parallelization efficiency is almost 100% up to 4096 processes (we used 128 processes as a basis to find efficiency). With number of processes larger than 4096, an expected gradual decrease in efficiency is observed. The rate of decline is not great, so at 16384 processes the parallelization efficiency remains at 80%.

In this work, parallel method for solving single-phase flow problems in a fractured porous media is considered. Method is based on the representation of fractures by surfaces embedded into the computational mesh, and known as the embedded discrete fracture model. Porous medium and fractures are represented as two independent continua within the model framework. A distinctive feature of the considered approach is that fractures do not modify the computational grid, while an additional degree of freedom is introduced for each cell intersected by the fracture. Discretization of fluxes between fractures and porous medium continua uses the pre-calculated intersection characteristics of fracture surfaces with a three-dimensional computational grid. The discretization of fluxes inside a porous medium does not depend on flows between continua. This allows the model to be integrated into existing multiphase flow simulators in porous reservoirs, while accurately describing flow behaviour near fractures.

Previously, the author proposed monotonic modifications of the model using nonlinear finite-volume schemes for the discretization of the fluxes inside the porous medium: a monotonic two-point scheme or a compact multi-point scheme with a discrete maximum principle. It was proved that the discrete solution of the obtained nonlinear problem preserves non-negativity or satisfies the discrete maximum principle, depending on the choice of the discretization scheme.

This work is a continuation of previous studies. The previously proposed monotonic modification of the model was parallelized using the INMOST open-source software platform for parallel numerical modelling. We used such features of the INMOST as a balanced grid distribution among processors, scalable methods for solving sparse distributed systems of linear equations, and others. Parallel efficiency was demonstrated experimentally.

A mathematical model describing the irreversible processes of polarization and deformation of polycrystalline ferroelectrics in external electric and mechanical fields of high intensity is presented, as a result of which the internal structure changes and the properties of the material change. Irreversible phenomena are modeled in a three-dimensional setting for the case of simultaneous action of an electric field and mechanical stresses. The object of the research is a representative volume in which the residual phenomena in the form of the induced and irreversible parts of the polarization vector and the strain tensor are investigated. The main task of modeling is to construct constitutive relations connecting the polarization vector and strain tensor, on the one hand, and the electric field vector and mechanical stress tensor, on the other hand. A general case is considered when the direction of the electric field may not coincide with any of the main directions of the tensor of mechanical stresses. For reversible components, the constitutive relations are constructed in the form of linear tensor equations, in which the modules of elasticity and dielectric permeability depend on the residual strain, and the piezoelectric modules depend on the residual polarization. The constitutive relations for irreversible parts are constructed in several stages. First, an auxiliary model was constructed for the ideal or unhysteretic case, when all vectors of spontaneous polarization can rotate in the fields of external forces without mutual influence on each other. A numerical method is proposed for calculating the resulting values of the maximum possible polarization and deformation values of an ideal case in the form of surface integrals over the unit sphere with the distribution density obtained from the statistical Boltzmann law. After that the estimates of the energy costs required for breaking down the mechanisms holding the domain walls are made, and the work of external fields in real and ideal cases is calculated. On the basis of this, the energy balance was derived and the constitutive relations for irreversible components in the form of equations in differentials were obtained. A scheme for the numerical solution of these equations has been developed to determine the current values of the irreversible required characteristics in the given electrical and mechanical fields. For cyclic loads, dielectric, deformation and piezoelectric hysteresis curves are plotted.

The developed model can be implanted into a finite element complex for calculating inhomogeneous residual polarization and deformation fields with subsequent determination of the physical modules of inhomogeneously polarized ceramics as a locally anisotropic body.

The paper formulates a mathematical model for hydroelastic oscillations of a plate resting on a nonlinear hardening elastic foundation and interacting with a pulsating fluid layer. The main feature of the proposed model, unlike the wellknown ones, is the joint consideration of the elastic properties of the plate, the nonlinearity of elastic foundation, as well as the dissipative properties of the fluid and the inertia of its motion. The model is represented by a system of equations for a twodimensional hydroelasticity problem including dynamics equation of Kirchhoff’s plate resting on the elastic foundation with hardening cubic nonlinearity, Navier – Stokes equations, and continuity equation. This system is supplemented by boundary conditions for plate deflections and fluid pressure at plate ends, as well as for fluid velocities at the bounding walls. The model was investigated by perturbation method with subsequent use of iteration method for the equations of thin layer of viscous fluid. As a result, the fluid pressure distribution at the plate surface was obtained and the transition to an integrodifferential equation describing bending hydroelastic oscillations of the plate is performed. This equation is solved by the Bubnov –Galerkin method using the harmonic balance method to determine the primary hydroelastic response of the plate and phase response due to the given harmonic law of fluid pressure pulsation at plate ends. It is shown that the original problem can be reduced to the study of the generalized Duffing equation, in which the coefficients at inertial, dissipative and stiffness terms are determined by the physical and mechanical parameters of the original system. The primary hydroelastic response and phases response for the plate are found. The numerical study of these responses is performed for the cases of considering the inertia of fluid motion and the creeping fluid motion for the nonlinear and linearly elastic foundation of the plate. The results of the calculations showed the need to jointly consider the viscosity and inertia of the fluid motion together with the elastic properties of the plate and its foundation, both for nonlinear and linear vibrations of the plate.

In this paper we present Rayleigh formulas obtained from Kirchhoff integral formulas, which can later be used to obtain migration images. The relevance of the studies conducted in the work is due to the widespread use of migration in the interests of seismic oil and gas seismic exploration. A special feature of the work is the use of an elastic approximation to describe the dynamic behaviour of a geological environment, in contrast to the widespread acoustic approximation. The proposed approach will significantly improve the quality of seismic exploration in complex cases, such as permafrost and shelf zones of the southern and northern seas. The complexity of applying a system of equations describing the state of a linear-elastic medium to obtain Rayleigh formulas and algorithms based on them is a significant increase in the number of computations, the mathematical and analytical complexity of the resulting algorithms in comparison with the case of an acoustic medium. Therefore in industrial seismic surveys migration algorithms for the case of elastic waves are not currently used, which creates certain difficulties, since the acoustic approximation describes only longitudinal seismic waves in geological environments. This article presents the final analytical expressions that can be used to develop software systems using the description of elastic seismic waves: longitudinal and transverse, thereby covering the entire range of seismic waves: longitudinal reflected PP-waves, longitudinal reflected SP-waves, transverse reflected PS-waves and transverse reflected SS-waves. Also, the results of comparison of numerical solutions obtained on the basis of Rayleigh formulas with numerical solutions obtained by the grid-characteristic method are presented. The value of this comparison is due to the fact that the method based on Rayleigh integrals is based on analytical expressions, while the grid-characteristic method is a method of numerical integration of solutions based on a calculated grid. In the comparison, different types of sources were considered: a point source model widely used in marine and terrestrial seismic surveying and a flat wave model, which is also sometimes used in field studies.

This article reviews both historical achievements and modern results in the field of Markov Decision Process (MDP) and convex optimization. This review is the first attempt to cover the field of reinforcement learning in Russian in the context of convex optimization. The fundamental Bellman equation and the criteria of optimality of policy — strategies based on it, which make decisions based on the known state of the environment at the moment, are considered. The main iterative algorithms of policy optimization based on the solution of the Bellman equations are also considered. An important section of this article was the consideration of an alternative to the $Q$-learning approach — the method of direct maximization of the agent’s average reward for the chosen strategy from interaction with the environment. Thus, the solution of this convex optimization problem can be represented as a linear programming problem. The paper demonstrates how the convex optimization apparatus is used to solve the problem of Reinforcement Learning (RL). In particular, it is shown how the concept of strong duality allows us to naturally modify the formulation of the RL problem, showing the equivalence between maximizing the agent’s reward and finding his optimal strategy. The paper also discusses the complexity of MDP optimization with respect to the number of state–action–reward triples obtained as a result of interaction with the environment. The optimal limits of the MDP solution complexity are presented in the case of an ergodic process with an infinite horizon, as well as in the case of a non-stationary process with a finite horizon, which can be restarted several times in a row or immediately run in parallel in several threads. The review also reviews the latest results on reducing the gap between the lower and upper estimates of the complexity of MDP optimization with average remuneration (Averaged MDP, AMDP). In conclusion, the real-valued parametrization of agent policy and a class of gradient optimization methods through maximizing the $Q$-function of value are considered. In particular, a special class of MDPs with restrictions on the value of policy (Constrained Markov Decision Process, CMDP) is presented, for which a general direct-dual approach to optimization with strong duality is proposed.

Investigation of logical deterministic cellular automata models of population dynamics allows to reveal detailed individual-based mechanisms. The search for such mechanisms is important in connection with ecological problems caused by overexploitation of natural resources, environmental pollution and climate change. Classical models of population dynamics have the phenomenological nature, as they are “black boxes”. Phenomenological models fundamentally complicate research of detailed mechanisms of ecosystem functioning. We have investigated the role of fecundity and duration of resources regeneration in mechanisms of population growth using four models of ecosystem with one species. These models are logical deterministic cellular automata and are based on physical axiomatics of excitable medium with regeneration. We have modeled catastrophic death of population arising from increasing of resources regeneration duration. It has been shown that greater fecundity accelerates population extinction. The investigated mechanisms are important for understanding mechanisms of sustainability of ecosystems and biodiversity conservation. Prospects of the presented modeling approach as a method of transparent multilevel modeling of complex systems are discussed.

In case of vessel wall damage or contact of blood plasma with a foreign surface, the chain of chemical reactions called coagulation cascade is launched that leading to the formation of a fibrin clot. A key enzyme of the coagulation cascade is thrombin, which catalyzes formation of fibrin from fibrinogen. The distribution of thrombin concentration in blood plasma determines spatio-temporal dynamics of clot formation. Contact pathway of blood coagulation triggers the production of thrombin in response to the contact with a negatively charged surface. If the concentration of thrombin generated at this stage is large enough, further production of thrombin takes place due to positive feedback loops of the coagulation cascade. As a result, thrombin propagates in plasma cleaving fibrinogen that results in the clot formation. The concentration profile and the speed of propagation of thrombin are constant and do not depend on the type of the initial activator.

Such behavior of the coagulation system is well described by the traveling wave solutions in a system of “reaction – diffusion” equations on the concentration of blood factors involved in the coagulation cascade. In this study, we carried out detailed analysis of the mathematical model describing the main reaction of the intrinsic pathway of coagulation cascade.We formulate necessary and sufficient conditions of the existence of the traveling wave solutions. For the considered model the existence of such solutions is equivalent to the existence of the wave solutions in the simplified one-equation model describing the dynamics of thrombin concentration derived under the quasi-stationary approximation.

Simplified model also allows us to obtain analytical estimate of the thrombin propagation rate in the considered model. The speed of the traveling wave for one equation is estimated using the narrow reaction zone method and piecewise linear approximation. The resulting formulas give a good approximation of the velocity of propagation of thrombin in the simplified, as well as in the original model.

By numerical simulation methods the interaction processes of oscillating soliton (breather) with a 180-degree Neel domain wall in the framework of a (2 + 1)-dimensional supersymmetric O(3) nonlinear sigma model is studied. The purpose of this paper is to investigate nonlinear evolution and stability of a system of interacting localized dynamic and topological solutions. To construct the interaction models, were used a stationary breather and domain wall solutions, where obtained in the framework of the two-dimensional sine-Gordon equation by adding specially selected perturbations to the A3-field vector in the isotopic space of the Bloch sphere. In the absence of an external magnetic field, nonlinear sigma models have formal Lorentz invariance, which allows constructing, in particular, moving solutions and analyses the experimental data of the nonlinear dynamics of an interacting solitons system. In this paper, based on the obtained moving localized solutions, models for incident and head-on collisions of breathers with a domain wall are constructed, where, depending on the dynamic parameters of the system, are observed the collisions and reflections of solitons from each other, a long-range interactions and also the decay of an oscillating soliton into linear perturbation waves. In contrast to the breather solution that has the dynamics of the internal degree of freedom, the energy integral of a topologically stable soliton in the all experiments the preserved with high accuracy. For each type of interaction, the range of values of the velocity of the colliding dynamic and topological solitons is determined as a function of the rotation frequency of the A3-field vector in the isotopic space. Numerical models are constructed on the basis of methods of the theory of finite difference schemes, using the properties of stereographic projection, taking into account the group-theoretical features of constructions of the O(N) class of nonlinear sigma models of field theory. On the perimeter of the two-dimensional modeling area, specially developed boundary conditions are established that absorb linear perturbation waves radiated by interacting soliton fields. Thus, the simulation of the interaction processes of localized solutions in an infinite two-dimensional phase space is carried out. A software module has been developed that allows to carry out a complex analysis of the evolution of interacting solutions of nonlinear sigma models of field theory, taking into account it’s group properties in a two-dimensional pseudo-Euclidean space. The analysis of isospin dynamics, as well the energy density and energy integral of a system of interacting dynamic and topological solitons is carried out.

The paper contains numerical simulation of nonisothermal nonlinear flow in a porous medium. Twodimensional unsteady problem of heavy oil, water and steam flow is considered. Oil phase consists of two pseudocomponents: light and heavy fractions, which like the water component, can vaporize. Oil exhibits viscoplastic rheology, its filtration does not obey Darcy's classical linear law. Simulation considers not only the dependence of fluids density and viscosity on temperature, but also improvement of oil rheological properties with temperature increasing.

To solve this problem numerically we use streamline method with splitting by physical processes, which consists in separating the convective heat transfer directed along filtration from thermal conductivity and gravitation. The article proposes a new approach to streamline methods application, which allows correctly simulate nonlinear flow problems with temperature-dependent rheology. The core of this algorithm is to consider the integration process as a set of quasi-equilibrium states that are results of solving system on a global grid. Between these states system solved on a streamline grid. Usage of the streamline method allows not only to accelerate calculations, but also to obtain a physically reliable solution, since integration takes place on a grid that coincides with the fluid flow direction.

In addition to the streamline method, the paper presents an algorithm for nonsmooth coefficients accounting, which arise during simulation of viscoplastic oil flow. Applying this algorithm allows keeping sufficiently large time steps and does not change the physical structure of the solution.

Obtained results are compared with known analytical solutions, as well as with the results of commercial package simulation. The analysis of convergence tests on the number of streamlines, as well as on different streamlines grids, justifies the applicability of the proposed algorithm. In addition, the reduction of calculation time in comparison with traditional methods demonstrates practical significance of the approach.