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In the last decade along with classical cytotoxic agents, antiangiogenic drugs have been actively used in cancer chemotherapy. They are not aimed at killing malignant cells, but at blocking the process of angiogenesis, i.e., the growth of new vessels in the tumor and its surrounding tissues. Agents that stimulate angiogenesis, in particular, vascular endothelial growth factor, are actively produced by tumor cells in the state of metabolic stress. It is believed that blocking of tumor neovascularization should lead to a shortage of nutrients flow to the tumor, and thus can stop, or at least significantly slow down its growth. Clinical practice on the use of first antiangiogenic drug bevacizumab has shown that in some cases such therapy does not influence the growth rate of the tumor, whereas for other types of malignant neoplasms antiangiogenic therapy has a high antitumor effect. However, it has been shown that along with successful slowing of tumor growth, therapy with bevacizumab can induce directed tumor progression to a more invasive, and therefore more lethal, type. These data require theoretical analysis and rationale for the evolutionary factors that lead to the observation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. For this purpose we have developed a spatially distributed mathematical model of growth and antiangiogenic therapy of heterogeneous tumor consisting of two subpopulations of malignant cells. One of subpopulations possesses inherent characteristics of epithelial phenotype, i.e., low motility and high proliferation rate, the other one corresponds to mesenchymal phenotype having high motility and low proliferation rate. We have performed the investigation of competition between these subpopulations of heterogeneous tumor in the cases of tumor growth without therapy and under bevacizumab monotherapy. It is shown that constant use of antiangiogenic drug leads to an increase of the region in parameter space, where the dominance of mesenchymal phenotype takes place, i.e., within a certain range of parameters in the absence of therapy epithelial phenotype is dominant but during bevacizumab administration mesenchymal phenotype begins to dominate. This result provides a theoretical basis of the clinically observed directed tumor progression to more invasive type under antiangiogenic therapy.

Base long-term modern scenarios of hydrochemical and temperature regimes of the Sea of Azov were considered. New schemes of modeling mechanisms of algal adaptation to changes in the hydrochemical regime and temperature were proposed. In comparison to the traditional ecological-evolutionary schemes, these models have a relatively small dimension, high speed and allow carrying out various calculations on long-term perspective (evolutionally significant times). Based on the ecology-evolutionary model of the lower trophic levels the impact of these environmental factors on the dynamics and microevolution of algae in the Sea of Azov was estimated. In each scenario, the calculations were made for 100 years, with the final values of the variables and parameters not depending on the choice of the initial values. In the process of such asymptotic computer analysis, it was found that as a result of climate warming and temperature adaptation of organisms, the average annual biomass of thermophilic algae (Pyrrophyta and Cyanophyta) naturally increases. However, for a number of diatom algae (Bacillariophyta), even with their temperature adaptation, the average annual biomass may unexpectedly decrease. Probably, this phenomenon is associated with a toughening of competition between species with close temperature parameters of existence. The influence of the variation in the chemical composition of the Don River’s flow on the dynamics of nutrients and algae of the Sea of Azov was also investigated. It turned out that the ratio of organic forms of nitrogen and phosphorus in sea waters varies little. This stabilization phenomenon will take place for all high-productive reservoirs with low flow, due to autochthonous origin of larger part of organic matter in water bodies of this type.

The biohydrochemical portrait of the White Sea is constructed on the CNPSi-model calculations based on long-term mean annual observations (average monthly hydrometeorological, hydrochemical and hydrobiological parameters of the marine environment) as well as on updated information on the nutrient input to the sea with the runoff of the main river tributaries (Niva, Onega, Northern Dvina, Mezen, Kem, Keret). Parameters of the marine environment are temperature, light, transparency, and biogenic load. Ecological characteristics of the sea “portrait” were calculated for nine marine areas (Kandalaksha, Onega, Dvinsky, Mezensky Bays, Solovetsky Islands, Basin, Gorlot, Voronka, Chupa Bay), these are: the concentration changes of organic and mineral compounds of biogenic elements (C, N, P, Si), the biomass of organisms of the lower trophic level (heterotrophic bacteria, diatomic phytoplankton, herbivorous and predatory zooplankton) and other ones (rates of substance concentration and organism biomass changes, internal and external substance flows, balances of individual substances and nutrients as a whole). Parameters of the marine environment state (water temperature, ratio of mineral fractions N < P) and dominant diatom phytoplankton in the sea (abundance, production, biomass, chlorophyll content a) were calculated and compared with the results of individual surveys (for 1972–1991 and 2007–2012) of the White Sea water areas. The methods for estimating the values of these parameters from observations and calculations differ, however, the calculated values of the phytoplankton state are comparable with the measurements and are similar to the data given in the literature. Therefore, according to the literature data, the annual production of diatoms in the White Sea is estimated at 1.5–3 million tons C (at a vegetation period of 180 days), and according to calculations it is ~2 and 3.5 million tons C for vegetation period of 150 and 180 days respectively.

In the present paper the application of the kinetic methods to the blood flow problems in elastic vessels is studied. The Lattice Boltzmann (LB) kinetic equation is applied. This model describes the discretized in space and time dynamics of particles traveling in a one-dimensional Cartesian lattice. At the limit of the small times between collisions LB models describe hydrodynamic equations which are equivalent to the Navier – Stokes for compressible if the considered flow is slow (small Mach number). If one formally changes in the resulting hydrodynamic equations the variables corresponding to density and sound wave velocity by luminal area and pulse wave velocity then a well-known 1D equations for the blood flow motion in elastic vessels are obtained for a particular case of constant pulse wave speed.

In reality the pulse wave velocity is a function of luminal area. Here an interesting analogy is observed: the equation of state (which defines sound wave velocity) becomes pressure-area relation. Thus, a generalization of the equation of state is needed. This procedure popular in the modeling of non-ideal gas and is performed using an introduction of a virtual force. This allows to model arbitrary pressure-area dependence in the resulting hemodynamic equations.

Two test case problems are considered. In the first problem a propagation of a sole nonlinear pulse wave is studied in the case of the Laplace pressure-area response. In the second problem the pulse wave dynamics is considered for a vessel bifurcation. The results show good precision in comparison with the data from literature.

The paper proposes a new mathematical model to study the interaction dynamics of the longitudinal wall of a narrow channel with its end seal. The end seal was considered as the edge wall on a spring, i.e. spring-mass system. These walls interaction occurs via a viscous liquid filling the narrow channel; thus required the formulation and solution of the hydroelasticity problem. However, this problem has not been previously studied. The problem consists of the Navier–Stokes equations, the continuity equation, the edge wall dynamics equation, and the corresponding boundary conditions. Two cases of fluid motion in a narrow channel with parallel walls were studied. In the first case, we assumed the liquid motion as the creeping one, and in the second case as the laminar, taking into account the motion inertia. The hydroelasticty problem solution made it possible to determine the distribution laws of velocities and pressure in the liquid layer, as well as the motion law of the edge wall. It is shown that during creeping flow, the liquid physical properties and the channel geometric dimensions completely determine the damping in the considered oscillatory system. Both the end wall velocity and the longitudinal wall velocity affect the damping properties of the liquid layer. If the fluid motion inertia forces were taken into account, their influence on the edge wall vibrations was revealed, which manifested itself in the form of two added masses in the equation of its motion. The added masses and damping coefficients of the liquid layer due to the joint consideration of the liquid layer inertia and its viscosity were determined. The frequency and phase responses of the edge wall were constructed for the regime of steady-state harmonic oscillations. The simulation showed that taking into account the fluid layer inertia and its damping properties leads to a shift in the resonant frequencies to the low-frequency region and an increase in the oscillation amplitudes of the edge wall.

The numerical methods used to simulate the evolution of hydrodynamic systems require the considerable use of computational resources thus limiting the number of possible simulations. The data-driven simulation technique is one promising approach to the development of heuristic models, which may speed up the study of such models. In this approach, machine learning methods are used to tune the weights of an artificial neural network that predicts the state of a physical system at a given point in time based on initial conditions. This article describes an original neural network architecture and a novel multi-stage training procedure which create a heuristic model of a two-phase flow in a heterogeneous porous medium. The neural network-based model predicts the states of the grid cells at an arbitrary timestep (within the known constraints), taking in only the initial conditions: the properties of the heterogeneous permeability of the medium and the location of sources and sinks. The proposed model requires orders of magnitude less processor time in comparison with the classical numerical method, which served as a criterion for evaluating the effectiveness of the trained model. The proposed architecture includes a number of subnets trained in various combinations on several datasets. The techniques of adversarial training and weight transfer are utilized.

This article describes possible improvements for the simultaneous multi-stage transport model code for speeding up computations and improving the model detailing. The model consists of two blocks, where the first block is intended to calculate the correspondence matrix, and the second block computes the equilibrium distribution of traffic flows along the routes. The first block uses a matrix of transport costs that calculates a matrix of correspondences. It describes the costs (time in our case) of travel from one area to another. The second block presents how exactly the drivers (agents) are distributed along the possible paths. So, knowing the distribution of the flows along the paths, it is possible to calculate the cost matrix. Equilibrium in a two-stage traffic flow model is a fixed point of a sequence of the two described models. Thus, in this paper we report an attempt to influence the calculation speed of Dijkstra’s algorithm part of the model. It is used to calculate the shortest path from one point to another, which should be re-calculated after each iteration of the flow distribution part. We also study and implement the road pricing in the model code, as well as we replace the Sinkhorn algorithm in the calculation of the correspondence matrix part with its faster implementation. In the beginning of the paper, we provide a short theoretical overview of the transport modelling motivation; we discuss current approaches to the modelling and provide an example for demonstration of how the whole cycle of multi-stage transport modelling works.

In this paper, the system of equations of magnetic hydrodynamics (MHD) is considered. The exact solutions found describe fluid flows in a porous medium and are related to the development of a core simulator and are aimed at creating a domestic technology «digital deposit» and the tasks of controlling the parameters of incompressible fluid. The central problem associated with the use of computer technology is large-dimensional grid approximations and high-performance supercomputers with a large number of parallel microprocessors. Kinetic methods for solving differential equations and methods for «gluing» exact solutions on coarse grids are being developed as possible alternatives to large-dimensional grid approximations. A comparative analysis of the efficiency of computing systems allows us to conclude that it is necessary to develop the organization of calculations based on integer arithmetic in combination with universal approximate methods. A class of exact solutions of the Navier – Stokes system is proposed, describing three-dimensional flows for an incompressible fluid, as well as exact solutions of nonstationary three-dimensional magnetic hydrodynamics. These solutions are important for practical problems of controlled dynamics of mineralized fluids, as well as for creating test libraries for verification of approximate methods. A number of phenomena associated with the formation of macroscopic structures due to the high intensity of interaction of elements of spatially homogeneous systems, as well as their occurrence due to linear spatial transfer in spatially inhomogeneous systems, are highlighted. It is fundamental that the emergence of structures is a consequence of the discontinuity of operators in the norms of conservation laws. The most developed and universal is the theory of computational methods for linear problems. Therefore, from this point of view, the procedures of «immersion» of nonlinear problems into general linear classes by changing the initial dimension of the description and expanding the functional spaces are important. Identification of functional solutions with functions makes it possible to calculate integral averages of an unknown, but at the same time its nonlinear superpositions, generally speaking, are not weak limits of nonlinear superpositions of approximations of the method, i.e. there are functional solutions that are not generalized in the sense of S. L. Sobolev.

A promising method of increasing precipitation in arid climates is the method of creating a vertical high-temperature jet seeded by hygroscopic aerosol. Such an installation makes it possible to create artificial clouds with the possibility of precipitation formation in a cloudless atmosphere, unlike traditional methods of artificial precipitation enhancement, which provide for increasing the efficiency of precipitation formation only in natural clouds by seeding them with nuclei of crystallization and condensation. To increase the power of the jet, calcium chloride, carbamide, salt in the form of a coarse aerosol, as well as NaCl/TiO₂ core/shell novel nanopowder, which is capable of condensing much more water vapor than the listed types of aerosols, are added. Dispersed inclusions in the jet are also centers of crystallization and condensation in the created cloud to increase the possibility of precipitation. To simulate convective flows in the atmosphere, a mathematical model of FlowVision large-scale atmospheric flows is used, the solution of the equations of motion, energy and mass transfer is carried out in relative variables. The statement of the problem is divided into two parts: the initial jet model and the FlowVision large-scale atmospheric model. The lower region, where the initial high-speed jet flows, is calculated using a compressible formulation with the solution of the energy equation with respect to the total enthalpy. This division of the problem into two separate subdomains is necessary in order to correctly carry out the numerical calculation of the initial turbulent jet at high velocity (M > 0.3). The main mathematical dependencies of the model are given. Numerical experiments were carried out using the presented model, experimental data from field tests of the installation for creating artificial clouds were taken for the initial data. A good agreement with the experiment is obtained: in 55% of the calculations carried out, the value of the vertical velocity at a height of 400 m (more than 2 m/s) and the height of the jet rise (more than 600 m) is within an deviation of 30% of the experimental characteristics, and in 30% of the calculations it is completely consistent with the experiment. The results of numerical simulation allow evaluating the possibility of using the high-speed jet method to stimulate artificial updrafts and to create precipitation. The calculations were carried out using FlowVision CFD software on SUSU Tornado supercomputer.

The influence of the process of initiating a rapid local heat release near surface streamlined by supersonic gas (air) flow on the separation region that occurs during a fast turn of the flow was investigated. This surface consists of two planes that form obtuse angle when crossing, so that when flowing around the formed surface, the supersonic gas flow turns by a positive angle, which forms an oblique shock wave that interacts with the boundary layer and causes flow separation. Rapid local heating of the gas above the streamlined surface simulates long spark discharge of submicrosecond duration that crosses the flow. The gas heated in the discharge zone interacts with the separation region. The flow can be considered two-dimensional, so the numerical simulation is carried out in a two-dimensional formulation. Numerical simulation was carried out for laminar regime of flow using the sonicFoam solver of the OpenFOAM software package.

The paper describes a method for constructing a two-dimensional computational grid using hexagonal cells. A study of grid convergence has been carried out. A technique is given for setting the initial profiles of the flow parameters at the entrance to the computational domain, which makes it possible to reduce the computation time by reducing the number of computational cells. A method for non-stationary simulation of the process of rapid local heating of a gas is described, which consists in superimposing additional fields of increased pressure and temperature values calculated from the amount of energy deposited in oncoming supersonic gas flow on the corresponding fields of values obtained in the stationary case. The parameters of the energy input into the flow corresponding to the parameters of the electric discharge process, as well as the parameters of the oncoming flow, are close to the experimental values.

During analyzing numerical simulation data it was found that the initiation of rapid local heating leads to the appearance of a gas-dynamic perturbation (a quasi-cylindrical shock wave and an unsteady swirling flow), which, when interacting with the separation region, leads to a displacement of the separation point downstream. The paper considers the question of the influence of the energy spent on local heating of the gas, and of the position on the streamlined surface of the place of heating relative to the separation point, on the value of its maximum displacement.