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Within the framework of the actual problem of comet-asteroid danger, the physical processes causing the destruction and fragmentation of meteor bodies in the Earth’s atmosphere are numerically investigated. Based on the developed physicalmathematical models that determines the movements of space objects of natural origin in the atmosphere and their interaction with it, the fall of three, one of the largest and by some parameters unusual bolides in the history of meteoritics, are considered: Tunguska, Vitim and Chelyabinsk. Their singularity lies in the absence of any material meteorite remains and craters in the area of the alleged crash site for the first two bodies and the non-detection, as it is assumed, of the main mother body for the third body (due to the too small amount of mass of the fallen fragments compared to the estimated mass). The effect of aerodynamic loads and heat flows on these bodies are studied, which leads to intensive surface mass loss and possible mechanical destruction. The velocities of the studied celestial bodies and the change in their masses are determined from the modernized system of equations of the theory of meteoric physics. An important factor that is taken into account here is the variability of the meteorite mass entrainment parameter under the action of heat fluxes (radiation and convective) along the flight path. The process of fragmentation of meteoroids in this paper is considered within the framework of a progressive crushing model based on the statistical theory of strength, taking into account the influence of the scale factor on the ultimate strength of objects. The phenomena and effects arising at various kinematic and physical parameters of each of these bodies are revealed. In particular, the change in the ballistics of their flight in the denser layers of the atmosphere, consisting in the transition from the fall mode to the ascent mode. At the same time, the following scenarios of the event can be realized: 1) the return of the body back to outer space at its residual velocity greater than the second cosmic one; 2) the transition of the body to the orbit of the Earth satellite at a residual velocity greater than the first cosmic one; 3) at lower values of the residual velocity of the body, its return after some time to the fall mode and falling out at a considerable distance from the intended crash site. It is the implementation of one of these three scenarios of the event that explains, for example, the absence of material traces, including craters, in the case of the Tunguska bolide in the vicinity of the forest collapse. Assumptions about the possibility of such scenarios have been made earlier by other authors, and in this paper their implementation is confirmed by the results of numerical calculations.

Expert systems imitate professional experience and thinking process of a specialist to solve problems in various subject areas. An example of the problem that it is expedient to solve with the help of the expert system is the problem of forming a diagnosis that arises in technology, medicine, and other fields. When solving the diagnostic problem, it is necessary to anticipate the occurrence of critical or emergency situations in the future. They are situations, which require timely intervention of specialists to prevent critical aftermath. Fuzzy sets theory provides one of the approaches to solve ill-structured problems, diagnosis-making problems belong to which. The theory of fuzzy sets provides means for the formation of linguistic variables, which are helpful to describe the modeled process. Linguistic variables are elements of fuzzy logical rules that simulate the reasoning of professionals in the subject area. To develop fuzzy rules it is necessary to resort to a survey of experts. Knowledge engineers use experts’ opinion to evaluate correspondence between a typical current situation and the risk of emergency in the future. The result of knowledge extraction is a description of linguistic variables that includes a combination of signs. Experts are involved in the survey to create descriptions of linguistic variables and present a set of simulated situations.When building such systems, the main problem of the survey is laboriousness of the process of interaction of knowledge engineers with experts. The main reason is the multiplicity of questions the expert must answer. The paper represents reasoning of the method, which allows knowledge engineer to reduce the number of questions posed to the expert. The paper describes the experiments carried out to test the applicability of the proposed method. An expert system for predicting risk groups for neonatal pathologies and pregnancy pathologies using the proposed knowledge extraction method confirms the feasibility of the proposed approach.

Industrial robots have made it possible for robotics to become a worldwide discipline both in economy and in science. However, their capabilities are limited, especially regarding contact tasks where it is required to regulate or at least limit contact forces. At one point, it was noticed that elasticity in the joint transmission, which was treated as a drawback previously, is actually helpful in this regard. This observation led to the introduction of elastic joint robots that are well-suited to contact tasks and cooperative behavior in particular, so they become more and more widespread nowadays. Many researchers try to implement such devices not with trivial series elastic actuators (SEA) but with more sophisticated variable stiffness actuators (VSA) that can regulate their own mechanical stiffness. All elastic actuators demonstrate shock robustness and safe interaction with external objects to some extent, but when stiffness may be varied, it provides additional benefits, e. g., in terms of energy efficiency and task adaptability. Here, we present a novel variable stiffness actuator with a magnetic coupler as an elastic element. Magnetic transmission is contactless and thus advantageous in terms of robustness to misalignment. In addition, the friction model of the transmission becomes less complex. It also has milder stiffness characteristic than typical mechanical nonlinear springs, moreover, the stiffness curve has a maximum after which it descends. Therefore, when this maximum torque is achieved, the coupler slips, and a new pair of poles defines the equilibrium position. As a result, the risk of damage is smaller for this design solution. The design of the joint is thoroughly described, along with its mathematical model. Finally, the control system is also proposed, and simulation tests confirm the design ideas.

In the article, a quasi-periodic two-component dynamical model with possibility of defining the cardio-cycle morphology, that provides the model with an ability of generating a temporal and a spectral cardiosignal characteristics, including heart rate variability is described. A technique for determining the cardio-cycle morphology to provide realistic cardio-signal form is defined. A method for defining cardio-signal dynamical system by the way of determining a three-dimensional state space and equations which describe a trajectory of point’s motion in this space is presented. A technique for solving equations of motion in the three-dimensional state space of dynamical cardio-signal system using the fourth-order Runge–Kutta method is presented. Based on this model, algorithm and software package are developed. Using software package, a cardio-signal synthesis experiment is conducted and the relationship of cardio-signal diagnostic features is analyzed.

We show that basic properties of some models of monopolistic competition are described using families of hypergeometric functions. The results obtained by building a general equilibrium model in a multisector economy producing a differentiated good in $n$ high-tech sectors in which single-product firms compete monopolistically using the same technology. Homogeneous (traditional) sector is characterized by perfect competition. Workers are motivated to find a job in high-tech sectors as wages are higher there. However, they are at risk to remain unemployed. Unemployment persists in equilibrium by labor market imperfections. Wages are set by firms in high-tech sectors as a result of negotiations with employees. It is assumed that individuals are homogeneous consumers with identical preferences that are given the separable utility function of general form. In the paper the conditions are found such that the general equilibrium in the model exists and is unique. The conditions are formulated in terms of the elasticity of substitution $\mathfrak{S}$ between varieties of the differentiated good which is averaged over all consumers. The equilibrium found is symmetrical with respect to the varieties of differentiated good. The equilibrium variables can be represented as implicit functions which properties are associated elasticity $\mathfrak{S}$ introduced by the authors. A complete analytical description of the equilibrium variables is possible for known special cases of the utility function of consumers, for example, in the case of degree functions, which are incorrect to describe the response of the economy to changes in the size of the markets. To simplify the implicit function, we introduce a utility function defined by two one-parameter families of hypergeometric functions. One of the families describes the pro-competitive, and the other — anti-competitive response of prices to an increase in the size of the economy. A parameter change of each of the families corresponds to all possible values of the elasticity $\mathfrak{S}$. In this sense, the hypergeometric function exhaust natural utility function. It is established that with the increase in the elasticity of substitution between the varieties of the differentiated good the difference between the high-tech and homogeneous sectors is erased. It is shown that in the case of large size of the economy in equilibrium individuals consume a small amount of each product as in the case of degree preferences. This fact allows to approximate the hypergeometric functions by the sum of degree functions in a neighborhood of the equilibrium values of the argument. Thus, the change of degree utility functions by hypergeometric ones approximated by the sum of two power functions, on the one hand, retains all the ability to configure parameters and, on the other hand, allows to describe the effects of change the size of the sectors of the economy.

The paper presents a comparative analysis of the enterprises of the Arctic Zone of the Russian Federation (AZ RF) on economic indicators in accordance with the rating of the Polar index. This study includes numerical data of 193 enterprises located in the AZ RF. Machine learning methods are applied, both standard, from open source, and own original methods — the method of Optimally Reliable Partitions (ORP), the method of Statistically Weighted Syndromes (SWS). Held split, indicating the maximum value of the functional quality, this study used the simplest family of different one-dimensional partition with a single boundary point, as well as a collection of different two-dimensional partition with one boundary point on each of the two combining variables. Permutation tests allow not only to evaluate the reliability of the data of the revealed regularities, but also to exclude partitions with excessive complexity from the set of the revealed regularities. Patterns connected the class number and economic indicators are revealed using the SDT method on one-dimensional indicators. The regularities which are revealed within the framework of the simplest one-dimensional model with one boundary point and with significance not worse than p < 0.001 are also presented in the given study. The so-called sliding control method was used for reliable evaluation of such diagnostic ability. As a result of these studies, a set of methods that had sufficient effectiveness was identified. The collective method based on the results of several machine learning methods showed the high importance of economic indicators for the division of enterprises in accordance with the rating of the Polar index. Our study proved and showed that those companies that entered the top Rating of the Polar index are generally recognized by financial indicators among all companies in the Arctic Zone. However it would be useful to supplement the list of indicators with ecological and social criteria.

This article discusses the influence of the shadow, informal and household sectors on the dynamics of a stochastic model with heterogeneous (heterogeneous) agents. The study uses the integration of the general equilibrium approach to explain the behavior of demand, supply and prices in an economy with several interacting markets, and a multi-agent approach. The analyzed model describes an economy with aggregated uncertainty and with an infinite number of heterogeneous agents (households). The source of heterogeneity is the idiosyncratic income shocks of agents in the legal and shadow sectors of the economy. In the analysis, an algorithm is used to approximate the dynamics of the distribution function of the capital stocks of individual agents — the dynamics of its first and second moments. The synthesis of the agent approach and the general equilibrium approach is carried out using computer implementation of the recursive feedback between microagents and macroenvironment. The behavior of the impulse response functions of the main variables of the model confirms the positive influence of the shadow economy (below a certain limit) on minimizing the rate of decline in economic indicators during recessions, especially for developing economies. The scientific novelty of the study is the combination of a multi-agent approach and a general equilibrium approach for modeling macroeconomic processes at the regional and national levels. Further research prospects may be associated with the use of more detailed general equilibrium models, which allow, in particular, to describe the behavior of heterogeneous groups of agents in the entrepreneurial sector of the economy.

We consider a one-dimensional three velocity kinetic lattice Boltzmann model, which represents a secondorder difference scheme for hydrodynamic equations. In the framework of kinetic theory this system describes the propagation and interaction of three types of particles. It has been shown previously that the lattice Boltzmann model with external virtual force is equivalent at the hydrodynamic limit to the one-dimensional hemodynamic equations for elastic vessels, this equivalence can be achieved with use of the Chapman – Enskog expansion. The external force in the model is responsible for the ability to adjust the functional dependence between the lumen area of the vessel and the pressure applied to the wall of the vessel under consideration. Thus, the form of the external force allows to model various elastic properties of the vessels. In the present paper the physiological boundary conditions are considered at the inlets and outlets of the arterial network in terms of the lattice Boltzmann variables. We consider the following boundary conditions: for pressure and blood flow at the inlet of the vascular network, boundary conditions for pressure and blood flow for the vessel bifurcations, wave reflection conditions (correspond to complete occlusion of the vessel) and wave absorption at the ends of the vessels (these conditions correspond to the passage of the wave without distortion), as well as RCR-type conditions, which are similar to electrical circuits and consist of two resistors (corresponding to the impedance of the vessel, at the end of which the boundary conditions are set and the friction forces in microcirculatory bed) and one capacitor (describing the elastic properties of arterioles). The numerical simulations were performed: the propagation of blood in a network of three vessels was considered, the boundary conditions for the blood flow were set at the entrance of the network, RCR boundary conditions were stated at the ends of the network. The solutions to lattice Boltzmann model are compared with the benchmark solutions (based on numerical calculations for second-order McCormack difference scheme without viscous terms), it is shown that the both approaches give very similar results.

The paper gives a detailed description of the developed methods for simulating the turbulent flow around a helicopter rotor and calculating its aerodynamic characteristics. The system of Reynolds-averaged Navier – Stokes equations for a viscous compressible gas closed by the Spalart –Allmaras turbulence model is used as the basic mathematical model. The model is formulated in a non-inertial rotating coordinate system associated with a rotor. To set the boundary conditions on the surface of the rotor, wall functions are used.

The numerical solution of the resulting system of differential equations is carried out on mixed-element unstructured grids including prismatic layers near the surface of a streamlined body.The numerical method is based on the original vertex-centered finite-volume EBR schemes. A feature of these schemes is their higher accuracy which is achieved through the use of edge-based reconstruction of variables on extended quasi-onedimensional stencils, and a moderate computational cost which allows for serial computations. The methods of Roe and Lax – Friedrichs are used as approximate Riemann solvers. The Roe method is corrected in the case of low Mach flows. When dealing with discontinuities or solutions with large gradients, a quasi-one-dimensional WENO scheme or local switching to a quasi-one-dimensional TVD-type reconstruction is used. The time integration is carried out according to the implicit three-layer second-order scheme with Newton linearization of the system of difference equations. To solve the system of linear equations, the stabilized conjugate gradient method is used.

The numerical methods are implemented as a part of the in-house code NOISEtte according to the two-level MPI–OpenMP parallel model, which allows high-performance computations on meshes consisting of hundreds of millions of nodes, while involving hundreds of thousands of CPU cores of modern supercomputers.

Based on the results of numerical simulation, the aerodynamic characteristics of the helicopter rotor are calculated, namely, trust, torque and their dimensionless coefficients.

Validation of the developed technique is carried out by simulating the turbulent flow around the Caradonna – Tung two-blade rotor and the KNRTU-KAI four-blade model rotor in hover mode mode, tail rotor in duct, and rigid main rotor in oblique flow. The numerical results are compared with the available experimental data.

Social media posts play an important role in demonstration of financial market state, and their analysis is a powerful tool for trading. The article describes the result of a study of the impact of social media activities on the movement of the financial market. The top authoritative influencers are selected. Twitter posts are used as data. Such texts usually include slang and abbreviations, so methods for preparing primary text data, including Stanza, regular expressions are presented. Two approaches to the representation of a point in time in the format of text data are considered. The difference of the influence of a single tweet or a whole package consisting of tweets collected over a certain period of time is investigated. A statistical approach in the form of frequency analysis is also considered, metrics defined by the significance of a particular word when identifying the relationship between price changes and Twitter posts are introduced. Frequency analysis involves the study of the occurrence distributions of various words and bigrams in the text for positive, negative or general trends. To build the markup, changes in the market are processed into a binary vector using various parameters, thus setting the task of binary classification. The parameters for Binance candlesticks are sorted out for better description of the movement of the cryptocurrency market, their variability is also explored in this article. Sentiment is studied using Stanford Core NLP. The result of statistical analysis is relevant to feature selection for further binary or multiclass classification tasks. The presented methods of text analysis contribute to the increase of the accuracy of models designed to solve natural language processing problems by selecting words, improving the quality of vectorization. Such algorithms are often used in automated trading strategies to predict the price of an asset, the trend of its movement.