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The haulage of timber from remote logging areas of Siberia is characterized by high transportation costs. Long stretches of unpaved logging roads, seasonal constraints (spring thaw and winter roads), and considerable distances from cutting areas to main transport hubs (50–200 km) make systematic route planning essential.

This paper proposes a mathematical model of the two-echelon vehicle routing problem (2E-VRP) adapted to timber haulage in the macro-region of the Urals and Siberia. The model incorporates variable transportation costs (truck mileage), fixed costs of using each vehicle ($c_{fix}$ = 30 000 RUB per trip), and vehicle-capacity constraints. The problem is transformed into a QUBO (quadratic unconstrained binary optimization) formulation; capacity constraints are integrated through the penalty coefficient $\lambda_{cap}$ = 500. This representation makes the model compatible with modern specialized solvers, including quantum annealers and digital annealers.

The model is tested on the real geography of the Ural and Siberian Federal Districts: 207 nodes in the logistics network, 65 customer enterprises, and 8 main transport hubs. The proposed three-stage “Feasible-First” algorithm constructs a feasible routing plan in 1.7 s and reduces total transportation costs by 69% relative to a baseline genetic algorithm. Subsequent simulated annealing further improves the QUBO objective value by 55%.

The article proposes a space-time approach to modeling the diffusion of information and communication technologies based on the Fisher –Kolmogorov– Petrovsky – Piskunov equation, in which the diffusion kinetics is described by the Bass model, which is widely used to model the diffusion of innovations in the market. For this equation, its equilibrium positions are studied, and based on the singular perturbation theory, was obtained an approximate solution in the form of a traveling wave, i. e. a solution that propagates at a constant speed while maintaining its shape in space. The wave speed shows how much the “spatial” characteristic, which determines the given level of technology dissemination, changes in a single time interval. This speed is significantly higher than the speed at which propagation occurs due to diffusion. By constructing such an autowave solution, it becomes possible to estimate the time required for the subject of research to achieve the current indicator of the leader.

The obtained approximate solution was further applied to assess the factors affecting the rate of dissemination of information and communication technologies in the federal districts of the Russian Federation. Various socio-economic indicators were considered as “spatial” variables for the diffusion of mobile communications among the population. Growth poles in which innovation occurs are usually characterized by the highest values of “spatial” variables. For Russia, Moscow is such a growth pole; therefore, indicators of federal districts related to Moscow’s indicators were considered as factor indicators. The best approximation to the initial data was obtained for the ratio of the share of R&D costs in GRP to the indicator of Moscow, average for the period 2000–2009. It was found that for the Ural Federal District at the initial stage of the spread of mobile communications, the lag behind the capital was less than one year, for the Central Federal District, the Northwestern Federal District — 1.4 years, for the Volga Federal District, the Siberian Federal District, the Southern Federal District and the Far Eastern Federal District — less than two years, in the North Caucasian Federal District — a little more 2 years. In addition, estimates of the delay time for the spread of digital technologies (intranet, extranet, etc.) used by organizations of the federal districts of the Russian Federation from Moscow indicators were obtained.