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This article represents numerical simulation technique for determining effective spectral electromagnetic properties (effective electrical conductivity and relative dielectric permittivity) of saturated porous media. Information about these properties is vastly applied during the interpretation of petrophysical exploration data of boreholes and studying of rock core samples. The main feature of the present paper consists in the fact, that it involves three-dimensional saturated digital rock models, which were constructed based on the combined data considering microscopic structure of the porous media and the information about capillary equilibrium of oil-water mixture in pores. Data considering microscopic structure of the model are obtained by means of X-ray microscopic tomography. Information about distributions of saturating fluids is based on hydrodynamic simulations with density functional technique. In order to determine electromagnetic properties of the numerical model time-domain Fourier transform of Maxwell equations is considered. In low frequency approximation the problem can be reduced to solving elliptic equation for the distribution of complex electric potential. Finite difference approximation is based on discretization of the model with homogeneous isotropic orthogonal grid. This discretization implies that each computational cell contains exclusively one medium: water, oil or rock. In order to obtain suitable numerical model the distributions of saturating components is segmented. Such kind of modification enables avoiding usage of heterogeneous grids and disregards influence on the results of simulations of the additional techniques, required in order to determine properties of cells, filled with mixture of media. Corresponding system of differential equations is solved by means of biconjugate gradient stabilized method with multigrid preconditioner. Based on the results of complex electric potential computations average values of electrical conductivity and relative dielectric permittivity is calculated. For the sake of simplicity, this paper considers exclusively simulations with no spectral dependence of conductivities and permittivities of model components. The results of numerical simulations of spectral dependence of effective characteristics of heterogeneously saturated porous media (electrical conductivity and relative dielectric permittivity) in broad range of frequencies and multiple water saturations are represented in figures and table. Efficiency of the presented approach for determining spectral electrical properties of saturated rocks is discussed in conclusion.

The article presents a method for linearization the effective function of material instantaneous deformation in order to generalize the torsional vibration equation to the case of nonlinearly deformable rheologically active shafts. It is considered layered and structurally heterogeneous, on average isotropic shafts made of nonlinearly viscoelastic components. The technique consists in determining the approximate shear modulus by minimizing the root-mean-square deviation in approximation of the effective diagram of instantaneous deformation.

The method allows to estimate analytically values of natural frequencies of layered and structurally heterogeneous nonlinearly viscoelastic shaft. This makes it possible to significantly reduce resources in vibration analysis, as well as to track changes in values of natural frequencies with changing geometric, physico-mechanical and structural parameters of shafts, which is especially important at the initial stages of modeling and design. In addition, the paper shows that only a pronounced nonlinearity of the effective state equation has an effect on the natural frequencies, and in some cases the nonlinearity in determining the natural frequencies can be neglected.

As equations of state of the composite material components, the article considers the equations of nonlinear heredity with instantaneous deformation functions in the form of the Prandtl’s bilinear diagrams. To homogenize the state equations of layered shafts, it is applied the Voigt’s hypothesis on the homogeneity of deformations and the Reuss’ hypothesis on the homogeneity of stresses in the volume of a composite body. Using these assumptions, effective secant and tangential shear moduli, proportionality limits, as well as creep and relaxation kernels of longitudinal, axial and transversely layered shafts are obtained. In addition, it is obtained the indicated effective characteristics of a structurally heterogeneous, on average isotropic shaft using the homogenization method previously proposed by the authors, based on the determination of the material deformation parameters by the rule of a mixture for the Voigt’s and the Reuss’ state equations.

The purpose of the paper is a research of a 2nd order finite difference scheme based on the Z-scheme. This research is the numerical solution of several two-dimensional differential equations simulated the incompressible medium convection.

One of real tasks for similar equations solution is the numerical simulating of strongly non-stationary midscale processes in the Earth ionosphere. Because convection processes in ionospheric plasma are controlled by magnetic field, the plasma incompressibility condition is supposed across the magnetic field. For the same reason, there can be rather high velocities of heat and mass convection along the magnetic field.

Ionospheric simulation relevant task is the research of plasma instability of various scales which started in polar and equatorial regions first of all. At the same time the mid-scale irregularities having characteristic sizes 1–50 km create conditions for development of the small-scale instabilities. The last lead to the F-spread phenomenon which significantly influences the accuracy of positioning satellite systems work and also other space and ground-based radio-electronic systems.

The difference schemes used for simultaneous simulating of such multi-scale processes must to have high resolution. Besides, these difference schemes must to be high resolution on the one hand and monotonic on the other hand. The fact that instabilities strengthen errors of difference schemes, especially they strengthen errors of dispersion type is the reason of such contradictory requirements. The similar swing of errors usually results to nonphysical results at the numerical solution.

At the numerical solution of three-dimensional mathematical models of ionospheric plasma are used the following scheme of splitting on physical processes: the first step of splitting carries out convection along, the second step of splitting carries out convection across. The 2nd order finite difference scheme investigated in the paper solves approximately convection across equations. This scheme is constructed by a monotonized nonlinear procedure on base of the Z-scheme which is one of 2nd order schemes. At this monotonized procedure a nonlinear correction with so-called “oblique differences” is used. “Oblique differences” contain the grid nodes relating to different layers of time.

The researches were conducted for two cases. In the simulating field components of the convection vector had: 1) the constant sign; 2) the variable sign. Dissipative and dispersive characteristics of the scheme for different types of the limiting functions are in number received.

The results of the numerical experiments allow to draw the following conclusions.

1. For the discontinuous initial profile the best properties were shown by the SuperBee limiter.

2. For the continuous initial profile with the big spatial steps the SuperBee limiter is better, and at the small steps the Koren limiter is better.

3. For the smooth initial profile the best results were shown by the Koren limiter.

4. The smooth F limiter showed the results similar to Koren limiter.

5. Limiters of different type leave dispersive errors, at the same time dependences of dispersive errors on the scheme parameters have big variability and depend on the scheme parameters difficulty.

6. The monotony of the considered differential scheme is in number confirmed in all calculations. The property of variation non-increase for all specified functions limiters is in number confirmed for the onedimensional equation.

7. The constructed differential scheme at the steps on time which are not exceeding the Courant's step is monotonous and shows good exactness characteristics for different types solutions. At excess of the Courant's step the scheme remains steady, but becomes unsuitable for instability problems as monotony conditions not satisfied in this case.

The review considers a wide range of phenomena and problems associated with the explosion. Detailed numerical studies revealed an interesting physical effect — the formation of discrete vortex structures directly behind the front of a shock wave propagating in dense layers of a heterogeneous atmosphere. The necessity of further investigation of such phenomena and the determination of the degree of their connection with the possible development of gas-dynamic instability is shown. The brief analysis of numerous works on the thermal explosion of meteoroids during their high-speed movement in the Earth’s atmosphere is given. Much attention is paid to the development of a numerical algorithm for calculating the simultaneous explosion of several fragments of meteoroids and the features of the development of such a gas-dynamic flow are analyzed. The work shows that earlier developed algorithms for calculating explosions can be successfully used to study explosive volcanic eruptions. The paper presents and discusses the results of such studies for both continental and underwater volcanoes with certain restrictions on the conditions of volcanic activity.

The mathematical analysis is performed and the results of analytical studies of a number of important physical phenomena characteristic of explosions of high specific energy in the ionosphere are presented. It is shown that the preliminary laboratory physical modeling of the main processes that determine these phenomena is of fundamental importance for the development of sufficiently complete and adequate theoretical and numerical models of such complex phenomena as powerful plasma disturbances in the ionosphere. Laser plasma is the closest object for such a simulation. The results of the corresponding theoretical and experimental studies are presented and their scientific and practical significance is shown. The brief review of recent years on the use of laser radiation for laboratory physical modeling of the effects of a nuclear explosion on asteroid materials is given.

As a result of the analysis performed in the review, it was possible to separate and preliminarily formulate some interesting and scientifically significant questions that must be investigated on the basis of the ideas already obtained. These are finely dispersed chemically active systems formed during the release of volcanoes; small-scale vortex structures; generation of spontaneous magnetic fields due to the development of instabilities and their role in the transformation of plasma energy during its expansion in the ionosphere. It is also important to study a possible laboratory physical simulation of the thermal explosion of bodies under the influence of highspeed plasma flow, which has only theoretical interpretations.

Verification of the physical-statistical approach within reliability theory for the simplest cases was carried out, which showed its validity. An analytical solution of the one-dimensional basic equation of the physicalstatistical approach is presented under the assumption of a stationary degradation rate. From a mathematical point of view this equation is the well-known continuity equation, where the role of density is played by the density distribution function of goods in its characteristics phase space, and the role of fluid velocity is played by intensity (rate) degradation processes. The latter connects the general formalism with the specifics of degradation mechanisms. The cases of coordinate constant, linear and quadratic degradation rates are analyzed using the characteristics method. In the first two cases, the results correspond to physical intuition. At a constant rate of degradation, the shape of the initial distribution is preserved, and the distribution itself moves equably from the zero. At a linear rate of degradation, the distribution either narrows down to a narrow peak (in the singular limit), or expands, with the maximum shifting to the periphery at an exponentially increasing rate. The distribution form is also saved up to the parameters. For the initial normal distribution, the coordinates of the largest value of the distribution maximum for its return motion are obtained analytically.

In the quadratic case, the formal solution demonstrates counterintuitive behavior. It consists in the fact that the solution is uniquely defined only on a part of an infinite half-plane, vanishes along with all derivatives on the boundary, and is ambiguous when crossing the boundary. If you continue it to another area in accordance with the analytical solution, it has a two-humped appearance, retains the amount of substance and, which is devoid of physical meaning, periodically over time. If you continue it with zero, then the conservativeness property is violated. The anomaly of the quadratic case is explained, though not strictly, by the analogy of the motion of a material point with an acceleration proportional to the square of velocity. Here we are dealing with a mathematical curiosity. Numerical calculations are given for all cases. Additionally, the entropy of the probability distribution and the reliability function are calculated, and their correlation is traced.

Disclosed is a multidimensional nodal method of characteristics, designed to integrate hyperbolic systems, based on splitting the initial system of equations into a number of one-dimensional subsystems, for which a onedimensional nodal method of characteristics is used. Calculation formulas are given, the calculation method is described in detail in relation to a single-speed model of a heterogeneous medium in the presence of gravity forces. The presented method is applicable to other hyperbolic systems of equations. Using this explicit, nonconservative, first-order accuracy of the method, a number of test tasks are calculated and it is shown that in the framework of the proposed approach, by attracting additional points in the circuit template, it is possible to carry out calculations with Courant numbers exceeding one. So, in the calculation of the flow of the threedimensional step by the flow of a heterogeneous mixture, the Courant number was 1.2. If Godunov’s method is used to solve the same problem, the maximum number of Courant, at which a stable account is possible, is 0.13 × 10^-2. Another feature of the multidimensional method of characteristics is the weak dependence of the time step on the dimension of the problem, which significantly expands the possibilities of this approach. Using this method, a number of problems were calculated that were previously considered “heavy” for the numerical methods of Godunov, Courant – Isaacson – Rees, which is due to the fact that it most fully uses the advantages of the characteristic representation of the system of equations.

Correct modeling of complex dynamics of urban transportation flows requires the collection of large volumes of empirical data to specify types of the modes and their identification. At the same time, setting a large number of observation posts is expensive and technically not always feasible. All this results in insufficient factographic support for the traffic control systems as well as for urban planners with the obvious consequences for the quality of their decisions. As one of the means to provide large-scale data collection at least for the qualitative situation analysis, the wide-area video cameras are used in different situation centers. There they are analyzed by human operators who are responsible for observation and control. Some video cameras provided their videos for common access, which makes them a valuable resource for transportation studies. However, there are significant problems with getting qualitative data from such cameras, which relate to the theory and practice of image processing. This study is devoted to the practical application of certain mainstream neuro-networking technologies for the estimation of essential characteristics of actual transportation flows. The problems arising in processing these data are analyzed, and their solutions are suggested. The convolution neural networks are used for tracking, and the methods for obtaining basic parameters of transportation flows from these observations are studied. The simplified neural networks are used for the preparation of training sets for the deep learning neural network YOLOv4 which is later used for the estimation of speed and density of automobile flows.

This work contains a description of the results of modeling the process of maintaining the readiness of a section of the road network under strikes of with specified parameters. A one-dimensional section of road up to 40 km long with a total number of strikes up to 100 during the work of the brigade is considered. A simulation model has been developed for carrying out work to maintain it in working condition by several groups (engineering teams) that are part of the engineering and road division. A multicopter-type unmanned aerial vehicle is used to search for the points of appearance of obstacles. Life cycle schemes of the main participants of the tactical scene have been developed and an event-driven model of the tactical scene has been built. The format of the event log generated as a result of simulation modeling of the process of maintaining a road section is proposed. To visualize the process of maintaining the readiness of a road section, it is proposed to use visualization in the cyclogram format.

An XSL style has been developed for building a cyclogram based on an event log. As an algorithm for making a decision on the assignment of barriers to brigades, the simplest algorithm has been adopted, prescribing choosing the nearest barrier. A criterion describing the effectiveness of maintenance work on the site based on the assessment of the average speed of vehicles on the road section is proposed. Graphs of the dependence of the criterion value and the root-meansquare error depending on the length of the maintained section are plotted and an estimate is obtained for the maximum length of the road section maintained in a state of readiness with specified values for the selected quality indicator with specified characteristics of striking and performance of repair crews. The expediency of carrying out work to maintain readiness by several brigades that are part of the engineering and road division operating autonomously is shown.

The influence of the speed of the unmanned aerial vehicle on the ability to maintain the readiness of the road section is analyzed. The speed range for from 10 to 70 km/h is considered, which corresponds to the technical capabilities of multicoptertype reconnaissance unmanned aerial vehicles. The simulation results can be used as part of a complex simulation model of an army offensive or defensive operation and for solving the problem of optimizing the assignment of tasks to maintain the readiness of road sections to engineering and road brigades. The proposed approach may be of interest for the development of military-oriented strategy games.

A variant of the inverse method of characteristics (IMH) is presented, in whose algorithm an additional fractional time step is introduced, which makes it possible to increase the accuracy of calculations due to a more accurate approximation of the characteristics. The calculation formulas of the modified method for the equations of the one-velocity model of a gas-liquid mixture are given, with the help of which one-dimensional and also flat test problems with self-similar solutions are calculated. When solving multidimensional problems, the original system of equations is split into a number of one-dimensional subsystems, for the calculation of which the inverse method of characteristics with a fractional time step is used. Using the proposed method, the following were calculated: the one-dimensional problem of the decay of an arbitrary discontinuity in a dispersed medium; a twodimensional problem of the interaction of a homogeneous gas-liquid flow with an obstacle with an attached shock wave, as well as a flow with a centered rarefaction wave. The results of numerical calculations of these problems are compared with self-similar solutions and their satisfactory agreement is noted. On the example of the Riemann problem with a shock wave, a comparison is made with a number of conservative, non-conservative, first and higher orders of accuracy schemes, from which, in particular, it follows that the presented calculation method, i. e. MIMC, quite competitive. Despite the fact that the application of MIMC requires many times more time than the original inverse method of characteristics (IMC), calculations can be carried out with an increased time step and, in some cases, more accurate results can be obtained. It is noted that the method with a fractional time step has advantages over the IMC in cases where the characteristics of the system are significantly curvilinear. For this reason, the use of MIMC, for example, for the Euler equations is inappropriate, since for the latter the characteristics within the time step differ little from straight lines.