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We comsider a model of the dynamics a political system of several parties, accompanied and controlled by the growth of social tension. A system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations is proposed with respect to fractions and an additional scalar variable characterizing the magnitude of tension in society the change of each party is proportional to the current value multiplied by a coefficient that consists of an influx of novice, a flow from competing parties, and a loss due to the growth of social tension. The change in tension is made up of party contributions and own relaxation. The number of parties is fixed, there are no mechanisms in the model for combining existing or the birth of new parties.

To study of possible scenarios of the dynamic processes of the model we derive an approach based on the selection of conditions under which this problem belongs to the class of cosymmetric systems. For the case of two parties, it is shown that in the system under consideration may have two families of equilibria, as well as a family of limit cycles. The existence of cosymmetry for a system of differential equations is ensured by the presence of additional constraints on the parameters, and in this case, the emergence of continuous families of stationary and nonstationary solutions is possible. To analyze the scenarios of cosymmetry breaking, an approach based on the selective function is applied. In the case of one political party, there is no multistability, one stable solution corresponds to each set of parameters. For the case of two parties, it is shown that in the system under consideration may have two families of equilibria, as well as a family of limit cycles. The results of numerical experiments demonstrating the destruction of the families and the implementation of various scenarios leading to the stabilization of the political system with the coexistence of both parties or to the disappearance of one of the parties, when part of the population ceases to support one of the parties and becomes indifferent are presented.

This model can be used to predict the inter-party struggle during the election campaign. In this case necessary to take into account the dependence of the coefficients of the system on time.

Modern mathematical models in the dynamics system “soil–plant” are considered. The components of this system are: agricultural plant, microorganisms of the rhizosphere (root zone of plants), the mineral nutrition elements of plants in their mobile and immobile forms. The model of submitted system based on the analysis of the adopted provisions was developed. The construction of system elements allows to display the coordinated dynamics of these elements among themselves. In particular, the dynamics of mineral nutrition elements in plants and the dynamics of their biomass are determined by the current contents in the rhizosphere of mineral fertilizers and organic origin substances (plant roots, leaves, etc.). The immobility of plants spatial distribution and the mobile spatial nature of microorganisms are assumed. This mechanism is determined by diffusion. Mutual relationships between weeds and pests are suggested. The dynamics of the mineral nutrition elements is determined by the peculiarity of sorption in the soil solution, environmental conditions, organic decomposition and fertilizer application. An analytical study for a system where each of the components is represented by only one species (fertilizer, the association of microorganisms and plants) was performed. An adaptation of the wave propagation model in the “resource–consumer” system (Kolmogorov–Petrovsky–Piskunov waves) has been developed for annual agricultural crops. The developed model has been adapted for the growth of Krasnoufimskaya-100 spring wheat in a vessel on peat lowland soil, where nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers were added variably. Sample distributions are plants biomass and the content of mineral nutrition elements in them. The parametric identification of the model and its adequacy was performed. An assessment of the model adequacy showed a good agreement between the model and experimental data.

The paper provides a comparative analysis of the results obtained by various approaches to modeling the process of artillery shot. In this connection, the main problem of internal ballistics and its particular case of the Lagrange problem are formulated in averaged parameters, where, within the framework of the assumptions of the thermodynamic approach, the distribution of pressure and gas velocity over the projectile space for a channel of variable cross section is taken into account for the first time. The statement of the Lagrange problem is also presented in the framework of the gas-dynamic approach, taking into account the spatial (one-dimensional and two-dimensional axisymmetric) changes in the characteristics of the ballistic process. The control volume method is used to numerically solve the system of Euler gas-dynamic equations. Gas parameters at the boundaries of control volumes are determined using a selfsimilar solution to the Riemann problem. Based on the Godunov method, a modification of the Osher scheme is proposed, which allows to implement a numerical calculation algorithm with a second order of accuracy in coordinate and time. The solutions obtained in the framework of the thermodynamic and gas-dynamic approaches are compared for various loading parameters. The effect of projectile mass and chamber broadening on the distribution of the ballistic parameters of the shot and the dynamics of the projectile motion was studied. It is shown that the thermodynamic approach, in comparison with the gas-dynamic approach, leads to a systematic overestimation of the estimated muzzle velocity of the projectile in the entire range of parameters studied, while the difference in muzzle velocity can reach 35%. At the same time, the discrepancy between the results obtained in the framework of one-dimensional and two-dimensional gas-dynamic models of the shot in the same range of change in parameters is not more than 1.3%.

A spatial gas-dynamic formulation of the backpressure problem is given, which describes the change in pressure in front of an accelerating projectile as it moves along the barrel channel. It is shown that accounting the projectile’s front, considered in the two-dimensional axisymmetric formulation of the problem, leads to a significant difference in the pressure fields behind the front of the shock wave, compared with the solution in the framework of the onedimensional formulation of the problem, where the projectile’s front is not possible to account. It is concluded that this can significantly affect the results of modeling ballistics of a shot at high shooting velocities.

The article considers a bilinear model of the influence of external disturbances on the stability of the structure of social systems. Approaches to the third-party stabilization of the initial system consisting of two groups are investigated — by reducing the initial system to a linear system with uncertain parameters and using the results of the theory of linear dynamic games with a quadratic criterion. The influence of the coefficients of the proposed model of the social system and the control parameters on the quality of the system stabilization is analyzed with the help of computer experiments. It is shown that the use of a minimax strategy by a third party in the form of feedback control leads to a relatively close convergence of the population of the second group (excited by external influences) to an acceptable level, even with unfavorable periodic dynamic perturbations.

The influence of one of the key coefficients in the criterion $(\varepsilon)$ used to compensate for the effects of external disturbances (the latter are present in the linear model in the form of uncertainty) on the quality of system stabilization is investigated. Using Z-transform, it is shown that a decrease in the coefficient $\varepsilon$ should lead to an increase in the values of the sum of the squares of the control. The computer calculations carried out in the article also show that the improvement of the convergence of the system structure to the equilibrium level with a decrease in this coefficient is achieved due to sharp changes in control in the initial period, which may induce the transition of some members of the quiet group to the second, excited group.

The article also examines the influence of the values of the model coefficients that characterize the level of social tension on the quality of management. Calculations show that an increase in the level of social tension (all other things being equal) leads to the need for a significant increase in the third party's stabilizing efforts, as well as the value of control at the transition period.

The results of the statistical modeling carried out in the article show that the calculated feedback controls successfully compensate for random disturbances on the social system (both in the form of «white» noise, and of autocorrelated disturbances).

A large number of methods have been developed to solve the Navier – Stokes equations in the case of incompressible flows, the most popular of which are methods with velocity correction by the SIMPLE algorithm and its analogue — the method of splitting by physical variables. These methods, developed more than 40 years ago, were used to solve rather simple problems — simulating both stationary flows and non-stationary flows, in which the boundaries of the calculation domain were stationary. At present, the problems of computational fluid dynamics have become significantly more complicated. CFD problems are involving the motion of bodies in the computational domain, the motion of contact boundaries, cavitation and tasks with dynamic local adaptation of the computational mesh. In this case the computational mesh changes resulting in violation of the velocity divergence condition on it. Since divergent velocities are used not only for Navier – Stokes equations, but also for all other equations of the mathematical model of fluid motion — turbulence, mass transfer and energy conservation models, violation of this condition leads to numerical errors and, often, to undivergence of the computational algorithm.

This article presents an implicit method of splitting by physical variables that uses divergent velocities from a given time step to solve the incompressible Navier – Stokes equations. The method is developed to simulate flows in the case of movable and contact boundaries treated in the Euler paradigm. The method allows to perform computations with the integration step exceeding the explicit time step by orders of magnitude (Courant – Friedrichs – Levy number $CFL\gg1$). This article presents a variant of the method for incompressible flows. A variant of the method that allows to calculate the motion of liquid and gas at any Mach numbers will be published shortly. The method for fully compressible flows is implemented in the software package FlowVision.

Numerical simulating classical fluid flow around circular cylinder at low Reynolds numbers ($50 < Re < 140$), when laminar flow is unsteady and the Karman vortex street is formed, are presented in the article. Good agreement of calculations with the experimental data published in the classical works of Van Dyke and Taneda is demonstrated.

The spatiotemporal dynamics of a three-component model for food web is considered. The model describes the interactions among resource, prey and predator that consumes both species. In a previous work, the author analyzed the model without taking into account spatial heterogeneity. This study continues the model study of the community considering the diffusion of individuals, as well as directed movements of the predator. It is assumed that the predator responds to the spatial change in the resource and prey density by occupying areas where species density is higher or avoiding them. Directed predator movement is described by the advection term, where velocity is proportional to the gradient of resource and prey density. The system is considered on a one-dimensional domain with zero-flux conditions as boundary ones. The spatiotemporal dynamics produced by model is determined by the system stability in the vicinity of stationary homogeneous state with respect to small inhomogeneous perturbations. The paper analyzes the possibility of wave instability leading to the emergence of autowaves and Turing instability, as a result of which stationary patterns are formed. Sufficient conditions for the existence of both types of instability are obtained. The influence of local kinetic parameters on the spatial structure formation was analyzed. It was shown that only Turing instability is possible when taxis on the resource is positive, but with a negative taxis, both types of instability are possible. The numerical solution of the system was found by using method of lines (MOL) with the numerical integration of ODE system by means of splitting techniques. The spatiotemporal dynamics of the system is presented in several variants, realizing one of the instability types. In the case of a positive taxis on the prey, both autowave and stationary structures are formed in smaller regions, with an increase in the region size, Turing structures are not formed. For negative taxis on the prey, stationary patterns is observed in both regions, while periodic structures appear only in larger areas.

The purpose of the study is to simulate the dynamics of traffic flows on city road networks as well as to systematize the current state of affairs in this area. The introduction states that the development of intelligent transportation systems as an integral part of modern transportation technologies is coming to the fore. The core of these systems contain adequate mathematical models that allow to simulate traffic as close to reality as possible. The necessity of using supercomputers due to the large amount of calculations is also noted, therefore, the creation of special parallel algorithms is needed. The beginning of the article is devoted to the up-to-date classification of traffic flow models and characterization of each class, including their distinctive features and relevant examples with links. Further, the main focus of the article is shifted towards the development of macroscopic and microscopic models, created by the authors, and determination of the place of these models in the aforementioned classification. The macroscopic model is based on the continuum approach and uses the ideology of quasi-gasdynamic systems of equations. Its advantages are indicated in comparison with existing models of this class. The model is presented both in one-dimensional and two-dimensional versions. The both versions feature the ability to study multi-lane traffic. In the two-dimensional version it is made possible by introduction of the concept of “lateral” velocity, i. e., the speed of changing lanes. The latter version allows for carrying out calculations in the computational domain which corresponds to the actual geometry of the road. The section also presents the test results of modeling vehicle dynamics on a road fragment with the local widening and on a road fragment with traffic lights, including several variants of traffic light regimes. In the first case, the calculations allow to draw interesting conclusions about the impact of a road widening on a road capacity as a whole, and in the second case — to select the optimal regime configuration to obtain the “green wave” effect. The microscopic model is based on the cellular automata theory and the single-lane Nagel – Schreckenberg model and is generalized for the multi-lane case by the authors of the article. The model implements various behavioral strategies of drivers. Test computations for the real transport network section in Moscow city center are presented. To achieve an adequate representation of vehicles moving through the network according to road traffic regulations the authors implemented special algorithms adapted for parallel computing. Test calculations were performed on the K-100 supercomputer installed in the Centre of Collective Usage of KIAM RAS.

Based on the Holstein Hamiltonian, the dynamics of the charge introduced into the molecular chain of sites was modeled at different temperatures. In the calculation, the temperature of the chain is set by the initial data ¡ª random Gaussian distributions of velocities and site displacements. Various options for the initial charge density distribution are considered. Long-term calculations show that the system moves to fluctuations near a new equilibrium state. For the same initial velocities and displacements, the average kinetic energy, and, accordingly, the temperature of the T chain, varies depending on the initial distribution of the charge density: it decreases when a polaron is introduced into the chain, or increases if at the initial moment the electronic part of the energy is maximum. A comparison is made with the results obtained previously in the model with a Langevin thermostat. In both cases, the existence of a polaron is determined by the thermal energy of the entire chain.

According to the simulation results, the transition from the polaron mode to the delocalized state occurs in the same range of thermal energy values of a chain of $N$ sites ~ $NT$ for both thermostat options, with an additional adjustment: for the Hamiltonian system the temperature does not correspond to the initially set one, but is determined after long-term calculations from the average kinetic energy of the chain.

In the polaron region, the use of different methods for simulating temperature leads to a number of significant differences in the dynamics of the system. In the region of the delocalized state of charge, for high temperatures, the results averaged over a set of trajectories in a system with a random force and the results averaged over time for a Hamiltonian system are close, which does not contradict the ergodic hypothesis. From a practical point of view, for large temperatures T ≈ 300 K, when simulating charge transfer in homogeneous chains, any of these options for setting the thermostat can be used.

This paper is dedicated to the analysis of medical and biological data obtained through locomotor training and testing of astronauts conducted both on Earth and during spaceflight. These experiments can be described as the astronaut’s movement on a treadmill according to a predefined regimen in various speed modes. During these modes, not only the speed is recorded but also a range of parameters, including heart rate, ground reaction force, and others, are collected. In order to analyze the dynamics of the astronaut’s condition over an extended period, it is necessary to perform a qualitative segmentation of their movement modes to independently assess the target metrics. This task becomes particularly relevant in the development of an autonomous life support system for astronauts that operates without direct supervision from Earth. The segmentation of target data is complicated by the presence of various anomalies, such as deviations from the predefined regimen, arbitrary and varying duration of mode transitions, hardware failures, and other factors. The paper includes a detailed review of several contemporary retrospective (offline) nonparametric methods for detecting multiple changepoints, which refer to sudden changes in the properties of the observed time series occurring at unknown moments. Special attention is given to algorithms and statistical measures that determine the homogeneity of the data and methods for detecting change points. The paper considers approaches based on dynamic programming and sliding window methods. The second part of the paper focuses on the numerical modeling of these methods using characteristic examples of experimental data, including both “simple” and “complex” speed profiles of movement. The analysis conducted allowed us to identify the preferred methods, which will be further evaluated on the complete dataset. Preference is given to methods that ensure the closeness of the markup to a reference one, potentially allow the detection of both boundaries of transient processes, as well as are robust relative to internal parameters.

Collective behavior can serve as a mechanism of thermoregulation and play a key role in the joint survival of a group of organisms. In higher animals, such phenomena are usually the subject of study of biology since sudden transitions to collective behavior are difficult to differentiate from the psychological and social adaptation of animals. However, in this paper, we indicate several important examples when a flock of higher animals demonstrates phase transitions similar to known phenomena in liquids and gases. This issue can also be studied experimentally within the framework of synthetic systems consisting of self-propelled robots that act according to a certain given algorithm. Generalizing both of these cases, we consider the problem of phase transitions in a dense group of interacting selfpropelled agents. Within the framework of microscopic theory, we propose a mathematical model of the phenomenon, in which agents are represented as bodies interacting with each other in accordance with an effective potential of a special type, expressing the desire of agents to move in the direction of the gradient of the joint thermal field. We show that the number of agents in the group, the group power, is the control parameter of the problem. A discrete model with individual dynamics of agents reproduces most of the phenomena observed both in natural flocks of higher animals engaged in collective thermoregulation and in synthetic complex systems. A first-order phase transition is observed, which symbolizes a change in the aggregate state in a group of agents. One observes the self-assembly of the initial weakly structured mass of agents into dense quasi-crystalline structures. We demonstrate also that, with an increase in the group power, a second-order phase transition in the form of thermal convection can occur. It manifests in a sudden liquefaction of the group and a transition to vortex motion, which ensures more efficient energy consumption in the case of a synthetic system of interacting robots and the collective survival of all individuals in the case of natural animal flocks.With an increase in the group power, secondary bifurcations occur, the vortex structure in agent medium becomes more complicated.