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Calculations of radiation transport in the shockwave layer of a descent space vehicle cause essential difficulties due to complex multi-resonance dependence of the absorption macroscopic cross sections from the photon energy. The convergence of two approximate spectrum averaging methods to the results of exact pointwise spectrum calculations is investigated. The first one is the well known multigroup method, the second one is the Lebesgue averaging method belonging to methods of the reduction of calculation points by means of aggregation of spectral points which are characterized by equal absorption strength. It is shown that convergence of the Lebesgue averaging method is significantly faster than the multigroup approach as the number of groups is increased. The only 100–150 Lebesgue groups are required to achieve the accuracy of pointwise calculations even in the shock layer at upper atmosphere with sharp absorption lines. At the same time the number of calculations is reduced by more than four order. Series of calculations of the radiation distribution function in 2D shock layer around a sphere and a blunt cone were performed using the local flat layer approximation and the Lebesgue averaging method. It is shown that the shock wave radiation becomes more significant both in value of the energy flux incident on the body surface and in the rate of energy exchange with the gas-dynamic flow in the case of increasing of the vehicle’s size.

Mathematical simulation of unsteady natural convection and thermal surface radiation within a rotating square enclosure was performed. The considered domain of interest had two isothermal opposite walls subjected to constant low and high temperatures, while other walls are adiabatic. The walls were diffuse and gray. The considered cavity rotated with constant angular velocity relative to the axis that was perpendicular to the cavity and crossed the cavity in the center. Mathematical model, formulated in dimensionless transformed variables “stream function – vorticity” using the Boussinesq approximation and diathermic approach for the medium, was performed numerically using the finite difference method. The vorticity dispersion equation and energy equation were solved using locally one-dimensional Samarskii scheme. The diffusive terms were approximated by central differences, while the convective terms were approximated using monotonic Samarskii scheme. The difference equations were solved by the Thomas algorithm. The approximated Poisson equation for the stream function was solved by successive over-relaxation method. Optimal value of the relaxation parameter was found on the basis of computational experiments. Radiative heat transfer was analyzed using the net-radiation method in Poljak approach. The developed computational code was tested using the grid independence analysis and experimental and numerical results for the model problem.

Numerical analysis of unsteady natural convection and thermal surface radiation within the rotating enclosure was performed for the following parameters: Ra = 10³–10⁶, Ta = 0–10⁵, Pr = 0.7, ε = 0–0.9. All distributions were obtained for the twentieth complete revolution when one can find the periodic behavior of flow and heat transfer. As a result we revealed that at low angular velocity the convective flow can intensify but the following growth of angular velocity leads to suppression of the convective flow. The radiative Nusselt number changes weakly with the Taylor number.

In this paper we discuss lower bounds for convergence of convex optimization methods of high order and attainability of this bounds. We formulate a hypothesis that covers all the cases. It is noticeable that we provide this statement without a proof. Newton method is the most famous method that uses gradient and Hessian of optimized function. However, it converges locally even for strongly convex functions. Global convergence can be achieved with cubic regularization of Newton method [Nesterov, Polyak, 2006], whose iteration cost is comparable with iteration cost of Newton method and is equivalent to inversion of Hessian of optimized function. Yu.Nesterov proposed accelerated variant of Newton method with cubic regularization in 2008 [Nesterov, 2008]. R.Monteiro and B. Svaiter managed to improve global convergence of cubic regularized method in 2013 [Monteiro, Svaiter, 2013]. Y.Arjevani, O. Shamir and R. Shiff showed that convergence bound of Monteiro and Svaiter is optimal (cannot be improved by more than logarithmic factor with any second order method) in 2017 [Arjevani et al., 2017]. They also managed to find bounds for convex optimization methods of p-th order for $p ≥ 2$. However, they got bounds only for first and second order methods for strongly convex functions. In 2018 Yu.Nesterov proposed third order convex optimization methods with rate of convergence that is close to this lower bounds and with similar to Newton method cost of iteration [Nesterov, 2018]. Consequently, it was showed that high order methods can be practical. In this paper we formulate lower bounds for p-th order methods for $p ≥ 3$ for strongly convex unconstrained optimization problems. This paper can be viewed as a little survey of state of the art of high order optimization methods.

A classical for nonlinear dynamics model, Brusselator, is considered, being augmented by addition of a third variable, which plays the role of a fast-diffusing inhibitor. The model is investigated in one-dimensional case in the parametric domain, where two types of diffusive instabilities of system’s homogeneous stationary state are manifested: wave instability, which leads to spontaneous formation of autowaves, and Turing instability, which leads to spontaneous formation of stationary dissipative structures, or Turing structures. It is shown that, due to the subcritical nature of Turing bifurcation, the interaction of two instabilities in this system results in spontaneous formation of stationary dissipative structures already before the passage of Turing bifurcation. In response to different perturbations of spatially uniform stationary state, different stable regimes are manifested in the vicinity of the double bifurcation point in the parametric region under study: both pure regimes, which consist of either stationary or autowave dissipative structures; and mixed regimes, in which different modes dominate in different areas of the computational space. In the considered region of the parametric space, the system is multistable and exhibits high sensitivity to initial noise conditions, which leads to blurring of the boundaries between qualitatively different regimes in the parametric region. At that, even in the area of dominance of mixed modes with prevalence of Turing structures, the establishment of a pure autowave regime has significant probability. In the case of stable mixed regimes, a sufficiently strong local perturbation in the area of the computational space, where autowave mode is manifested, can initiate local formation of new stationary dissipative structures. Local perturbation of the stationary homogeneous state in the parametric region under investidation leads to a qualitatively similar map of established modes, the zone of dominance of pure autowave regimes being expanded with the increase of local perturbation amplitude. In two-dimensional case, mixed regimes turn out to be only transient — upon the appearance of localized Turing structures under the influence of wave regime, they eventually occupy all available space.

The paper studies a multidimensional convection-diffusion equation with variable coefficients and a nonclassical boundary condition. Two cases are considered: in the first case, the first boundary condition contains the integral of the unknown function with respect to the integration variable $x_\alpha^{}$, and in the second case, the integral of the unknown function with respect to the integration variable $\tau$, denoting the memory effect. Similar problems arise when studying the transport of impurities along the riverbed. For an approximate solution of the problem posed, a locally one-dimensional difference scheme by A.A. Samarskii with order of approximation $O(h^2+\tau)$. In view of the fact that the equation contains the first derivative of the unknown function with respect to the spatial variable $x_\alpha^{}$, the wellknown method proposed by A.A. Samarskii in constructing a monotonic scheme of the second order of accuracy in $h_\alpha^{}$ for a general parabolic type equation containing one-sided derivatives taking into account the sign of $r_\alpha^{}(x,t)$. To increase the boundary conditions of the third kind to the second order of accuracy in $h_\alpha^{}$, we used the equation, on the assumption that it is also valid at the boundaries. The study of the uniqueness and stability of the solution was carried out using the method of energy inequalities. A priori estimates are obtained for the solution of the difference problem in the $L_2^{}$-norm, which implies the uniqueness of the solution, the continuous and uniform dependence of the solution of the difference problem on the input data, and the convergence of the solution of the locally onedimensional difference scheme to the solution of the original differential problem in the $L_2^{}$-norm with speed equal to the order of approximation of the difference scheme. For a two-dimensional problem, a numerical solution algorithm is constructed.

When a supersonic air flow interacts with a transverse secondary jet injected into this flow through an orifice on a flat wall, a special flow structure is formed. This flow takes place during fuel injection into combustion chambers of supersonic aircraft engines; therefore, in recent years, various approaches to intensifying gas mixing in this type of flow have been proposed and studied in several countries. The approach proposed in this work implies using spark discharges for pulsed heating of the gas and generating the instabilities in the shear layer at the boundary of the secondary jet. Using simulation in the software package FlowVision 3.13, the characteristics of this flow were obtained in the absence and presence of pulsed-periodic local heat release on the wall on the windward side of the injector opening. A comparison was made of local characteristics at different periodicities of pulsed heating (corresponding to the values of the Strouhal number 0.25 and 0.31). It is shown that pulsed heating can stimulate the formation of perturbations in the shear layer at the jet boundary. For the case of the absence of heating and for two modes of pulsed heating, the values of an integral criterion for mixing efficiency were calculated. It is shown that pulsed heating can lead both to a decrease in the average mixing efficiency and to its increase (up to 9% in the considered heating mode). The calculation method used (unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier – Stokes equations with a modified $k-\varepsilon$ turbulence model) was validated by considering a typical case of the secondary transverse jet interaction with a supersonic flow, which was studied by several independent research groups and well documented in the literature. The grid convergence was shown for the simulation of this typical case in FlowVision. A quantitative comparison was made of the results obtained from FlowVision calculations with experimental data and calculations in other programs. The results of this study can be useful for specialists dealing with the problems of gas mixing and combustion in a supersonic flow, as well as the development of engines for supersonic aviation.

The work analyzes known classes of convolutional neural network models and studies selected from them promising models for detecting flying objects in images. Object detection here refers to the detection, localization in space and classification of flying objects. The work conducts a comprehensive study of selected promising convolutional neural network models in order to identify the most effective ones from them for creating mobile real-time computer vision systems. It is shown that the most suitable models for detecting flying objects in images, taking into account the formulated requirements for mobile real-time computer vision systems, are models of the YOLO family, and five models from this family should be considered: YOLOv4, YOLOv4-Tiny, YOLOv4-CSP, YOLOv7 and YOLOv7-Tiny. An appropriate dataset has been developed for training, validation and comprehensive research of these models. Each labeled image of the dataset includes from one to several flying objects of four classes: “bird”, “aircraft-type unmanned aerial vehicle”, “helicopter-type unmanned aerial vehicle”, and “unknown object” (objects in airspace not included in the first three classes). Research has shown that all convolutional neural network models exceed the specified threshold value by the speed of detecting objects in the image, however, only the YOLOv4-CSP and YOLOv7 models partially satisfy the requirements of the accuracy of detection of flying objects. It was shown that most difficult object class to detect is the “bird” class. At the same time, it was revealed that the most effective model is YOLOv7, the YOLOv4-CSP model is in second place. Both models are recommended for use as part of a mobile real-time computer vision system with condition of additional training of these models on increased number of images with objects of the “bird” class so that they satisfy the requirement for the accuracy of detecting flying objects of each four classes.

In this work, we use analytical and numerical methods to consider the problem of the structure and dynamics of coupled localized nonlinear waves in the sine-Gordon model with three identical attractive extended “impurities”, which are modeled by spatial inhomogeneity of the periodic potential. Two possible types of coupled nonlinear localized waves are found: breather and soliton. The influence of system parameters and initial conditions on the structure, amplitude, and frequency of localized waves was analyzed. Associated oscillations of localized waves of the breather type as in the case of point impurities, are the sum of three harmonic oscillations: in-phase, in-phase-antiphase and antiphase type. Frequency analysis of impurity-localized waves that were obtained during a numerical experiment was performed using discrete Fourier transform. To analyze localized breather-type waves, the numerical finite difference method was used. To carry out a qualitative analysis of the obtained numerical results, the problem was solved analytically for the case of small amplitudes of oscillations localized on impurities. It is shown that, for certain impurity parameters (depth and width), it is possible to obtain localized solitontype waves. The ranges of values of the system parameters in which localized waves of a certain type exist, as well as the region of transition from breather to soliton types of oscillations, have been found. The values of the depth and width of the impurity at which a transition from the breather to the soliton type of localized oscillations is observed were determined. Various scenarios of soliton-type oscillations with negative and positive amplitude values for all three impurities, as well as mixed cases, were obtained and considered. It is shown that in the case when the distance between impurities much less than one, there is no transition region where which the nascent breather, after losing energy through radiation, transforms into a soliton. It is shown that the considered model can be used, for example, to describe the dynamics of magnetization waves in multilayer magnets.

The influence of solar activity on various processes on Earth has long been the subject of close study, which resulted in the appearance of the term “space weather”. The most striking manifestation of solar activity are the so-called “solar flares”, which are explosive releases of energy in the solar atmosphere, resulting in a flow of photons and charged particles reaching the Earth with a slight delay. After two or three days, a plasma flow reaches the Earth. Thus, a solar flare is an event stretched out in time for several days. The impact of solar flares on human health and the technosphere is a popular subject for discussion and scientific research. This article provides a quantitative assessment of the trigger effect of solar flares on the release of energy as a result of seismic events. The article provides an estimate in the form of a “percentage” of the released seismic energy of the trigger effect of solar flares on the release of seismic energy worldwide and in 8 areas of the Pacific Fire Ring. The initial data are a time series of solar flares from July 31, 1996 to the end of 2024. The time points of the greatest local extremes of solar flare intensity and released seismic energy were studied in successive time intervals of 1 day. For each pair of time sequences in sliding time windows, the “lead measures” of each time sequence relative to the other were estimated using a parametric model of the intensity of interacting point processes. The difference between the “direct” lead measure of the time points of local extremes of solar flare intensity relative to the moments of maximum released seismic energy and the “reverse” lead measure was calculated. The average value of the difference in lead measures provides an estimate of the share of the intensity of seismic events for which solar flares are a trigger.

Pattern formation described by the scalar Fisher–Kolmogorov–Petrovsky–Piscounov equation with nonlocal competition loses and convection linear on coordinates is considered numerically. Initial function localized around a point is shown to transform in a function localized around a ring with symmetrically sited local maxima. The ring radius and number of maxima depend on convection.