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The key problems of remote forest pathology monitoring for coniferous forests affected by insect pests have been analyzed. It has been demonstrated that addressing these tasks requires the use of multiclass classification results for coniferous trees in high- and ultra-high-resolution images, which are promptly obtained through monitoring via satellites or unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). An analytical review of modern models and methods for multiclass classification of coniferous forest images was conducted, leading to the development of three fully convolutional neural network models: Mo-U-Net, At-Mo-U-Net, and Res-Mo-U-Net, all based on the classical U-Net architecture. Additionally, the Segformer transformer model was modified to suit the task. For RGB images of fir trees Abies sibirica affected by the four-eyed bark beetle Polygraphus proximus, captured using a UAV-mounted camera, two datasets were created: the first dataset contains image fragments and their corresponding reference segmentation masks sized 256 × 256 × 3 pixels, while the second dataset contains fragments sized 480 × 480 × 3 pixels. Comprehensive studies were conducted on each trained neural network model to evaluate both classification accuracy for assessing the degree of damage (health status) of Abies sibirica trees and computation speed using test datasets from each set. The results revealed that for fragments sized 256 × 256 × 3 pixels, the At-Mo-U-Net model with an attention mechanism is preferred alongside the Modified Segformer model. For fragments sized 480 × 480 × 3 pixels, the Res-Mo-U-Net hybrid model with residual blocks demonstrated superior performance. Based on classification accuracy and computation speed results for each developed model, it was concluded that, for production-scale multiclass classification of affected fir trees, the Res-Mo-U-Net model is the most suitable choice. This model strikes a balance between high classification accuracy and fast computation speed, meeting conflicting requirements effectively.

Amid the ongoing trend of rapid urbanization and the intensive development of megacities and large cities worldwide, the impact of man-made vibrations on residential structures and infrastructure is increasing. The operation of subway systems, construction using pile-driving and drilling equipment, and heavy traffic have become active sources of wave disturbances, which can be a decisive factor in reducing the structural stability of buildings and, consequently, their long-term reliability. This paper proposes a numerical calculation using the grid-characteristic method to model elastic waves propagating through soil layers and load-bearing structures from various sources. By solving the direct problem of numerical pulse simulation and varying its location, the values of velocity vector projections and components of the Cauchy stress tensor were obtained at each time step. Two scenarios were examined: the first simulates the impact of noise generated by construction work or nearby traffic, while the second demonstrates how a subway running through an underground tunnel affects multi-story residential buildings. Wave propagation patterns from these sources were visualized in terms of the parameters of interest, enabling a quick and convenient comprehensive analysis of the problem. The analysis of the obtained data will help adjust the timing and types of repair work, identify structural weak points, and develop innovative methods for preserving historical buildings that are cultural heritage sites. Additionally, it will allow for the most economically optimal construction of modern buildings near architectural landmarks, provide an efficient and safe action plan in emergencies, and modernize existing construction technologies to enhance the comfort of residential buildings, office structures, and other socially significant facilities. It will also aid in selecting the most suitable locations for modern high-precision manufacturing plants.

This paper analyzes some issues in developing numerical methods for solving problems with a Boltzmann-type linear kinetic transport equation. Existing applications of this type of equation are listed. The focus is on the problem of radiative transfer in a flat layer, which are important for experimental research practice. Key definitions and traditional limitations applied to radiative transfer problems are presented. Some features of formulating radiative transfer problems for flat layers of irregular heterogeneous composite materials that are partially transparent to electromagnetic radiation are considered. The main approaches to the numerical and numerical-analytical solution of the linear kinetic transport equation are outlined.

Some variants of the simplest grid numerical methods for solving of nonstationary kinetic problems of transport a flat layer of a medium with strong attenuation are considered. Problems with one- and two-step variants of these iterative methods are analyzed, for some of them the causes of instability and convergence absence in some of them are investigated and established. It is shown that in the explicit conservative one-step method for a layer of a homogeneous absorbing, but neither radiating nor scattering, medium, unstable modes always exist in the spectrum of harmonic solutions. These modes arise in the region of radiation propagating almost parallel to the layer boundaries, and their instability increases with increasing attenuation effects and is caused by the presence of a small coefficient before the spatial derivative in the transport equation. To limit the undesirable influence of this component, various variants of splitting the equation into two and three fractional steps are considered.

It is shown that the most preferable options are those with explicitly organized fractional steps, for which a proof of their stability and convergence, that based on the Lax’s equivalence theorem is presented. It is demonstrated that the correct building of the fractional step sequence in explicit schemes for numerical solving of the nonstationary linear kinetic transport problems can provide additional stabilization, with the scattering integral plays an important role in stabilizing them. So, when solving kinetic transport problems in media with high scattering albedo, the explicit grid method of settling with splitting the iterations into three fractional steps, that were based on physical processes proved to be the simplest and most effective. The method is implemented as Matlab code, which performs quality control during the generation of the numerical solution process. The most significant modeling results are presented, confirming that the three-step method imposes relatively moderate requirements on resources and numerical integration accuracy, and ensures conditional convergence of iterations. Its mathematical correctness is confirmed by the behavior of the equation residuals and direct control of the convergence of numerical solutions. Its physical correctness is confirmed by ensuring, for ergodic systems, the property of convergence to an invariant steady state independent of the initial conditions. Some discovered and possible limitations of the method are listed.

The work will be useful to specialists in the field of mathematical modeling, numerical methods, kinetic theory, combined heat and mass transfer, dealing with issues of interpretation of experimental data, graduate students and senior students specializing in the indicated areas.

The accurate characterization of particle size and morphology is crucial across numerous scientific and industrial fields. While microscopy is a powerful tool for visualizing particle geometry, traditional image analysis often relies on basic parameters like area and equivalent circular diameter, which are insufficient for describing non-spherical or complex particles. This paper presents a novel methodology for the analysis of particles from micrographs, combining deep learningbased segmentation with parametric polygon approximation. Optical microscopy images were obtained for model systems of increasing complexity: monodisperse polystyrene spheres, SAPO-34 cubes, ZSM-5 hexagonal prisms, and a multi-component mixture of all three. Neural network segmentation was performed using the DLgram01 cloud service, trained on manually annotated images. A custom Python program was developed to process the resulting segmentation polygons. The core of the method involves fitting a parameterized polygon to each segmented particle’s contour. The optimal value of geometric parameters for each particle is determined by minimizing a “dissimilarity” function that measures the discrepancy between the segmentation and the parametric shape. This approach was validated on the simple spherical system, yielding a size distribution consistent with conventional projected diameter methods. For more complex cubic SAPO-34 particles, the rectangle fit revealed deviations from the ideal shape, providing a more complete morphological description than using a single size parameter. In the mixture of particles, the method successfully classified and extracted distinct parameter distributions for each particle type. The results for each class in the mixture were statistically consistent with those obtained from the single-component systems, demonstrating the method’s robustness and accuracy. The proposed methodology provides a powerful and universal tool for automated, high-throughput particle analysis, enabling the extraction of detailed shape parameters and the construction of comprehensive size and morphology distributions for complex particulate systems.

This work gives results of numerical simulation of a superconducting magnetic focusing system. While modeling this system, special care was taken to achieve approximation accuracy over the condition u(∞)=0 by using Richardson method. The work presents the results of comparison of the magnetic field calculated distribution with measurements of the field performed on a modified magnet SP-40 of “MARUSYA” physical installation. This work also presents some results of numeric analysis of magnetic systems of “MARUSYA” physical installation with the purpose to study an opportunity of designing magnetic systems with predetermined characteristics of the magnetic field.

A correct model of lipid molecule (distearoylphosphatidylcholine, DSPC) and lipid membrane in water was constructed. Model lipid membrane is stable and has a reliable energy distribution among degrees of freedom. Also after equilibration model system has spatial parameters very similar to those of real DSPC membrane in liquid-crystalline phase. This model was used for studying of lipid membrane permeability to oxygen and water molecules and sodium ion. We obtained the values for transmembrane mobility and diffusion coefficients profiles, which we used for effective permeability coefficients calculation. We found lipid membranes to have significant diffusional resistance to penetration not only by charged particles, such as ions, but also by nonpolar molecules, such as oxygen molecule. We propose theoretical approach for calculation of particle flow across a membrane, as well as methods for estimation of distribution coefficients between bilayer and water phase.

The program for automatic revealing of threshold values for characterizing physiological state of vessels and detection of early stages of retina pathology is offered. The algorithm is based on checking character of crossing sites of vessel images with the "mask" consisting of concentric circumferences (the first circumference is imposed directly on the sclera capsules of an optic nerve disk). The new method allows revealing of a network of blood vessels and flanking zones and detection of initial stage of pathological changes in a retina by digital images.

The difference scheme for numerical solution of a time-dependant system of two Schrödinger equations with the operator of a spin-orbit interaction for a two-component spinor wave function is offered on the basis of a split method for a time-dependant Schrödinger equations. The computer simulation of the external neutrons’ wave functions evolution with different values of the full moment projection upon internuclear axis and probabilities of their transfer are executed for head-on collisions of ¹⁸O and ⁵⁸Ni nuclei.

The possibility to simplify the integration of Langevin equation using the variation of correlation between augmentation was researched. The analytical expression for a set of numerical schemes is presented. It’s shown that asymptotic limits for squared velocity depend on step size. The region of convergence and the convergence orders were estimated. It turned out that the incorrect correlation between increments decrease the accuracy down to the level of first-order methods for schemes based on precise solution.

The paper presents the methodology of «line-by-line» calculations of the Earth and atmosphere thermal radiation. Intensity of radiation is computed by numerical integration of the radiative transfer kinetic equation and the system of the angular momentum equations using quasi-diffusion method. Data from HITRAN molecular spectroscopic database [Rothman et al., 2009] are used to calculate the atmosphere optical parameters.