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A vertically distributed three-component model of marine ecosystem is considered. State of the plankton community with nutrients is analyzed under the active movement of zooplankton in a vertical column of water. The necessary conditions of the Turing instability in the vicinity of the spatially homogeneous equilibrium are obtained. Stability of the spatially homogeneous equilibrium, the Turing instability and the oscillatory instability are examined depending on the biological characteristics of zooplankton and spatial movement of plankton. It is shown that at low values of zooplankton grazing rate and intratrophic interaction rate the system is Turing instable when the taxis rate is low. Stabilization occurs either through increased decline of zooplankton either by increasing the phytoplankton diffusion. With the increasing rate of consumption of phytoplankton range of parameters that determine the stability is reduced. A type of instability depends on the phytoplankton diffusion. For large values of diffusion oscillatory instability is observed, with a decrease in the phytoplankton diffusion zone of Turing instability is increases. In general, if zooplankton grazing rate is faster than phytoplankton growth rate the spatially homogeneous equilibrium is Turing instable or oscillatory instable. Stability is observed only at high speeds of zooplankton departure or its active movements. With the increase in zooplankton search activity spatial distribution of populations becomes more uniform, increasing the rate of diffusion leads to non-uniform spatial distribution. However, under diffusion the total number of the population is stabilized when the zooplankton grazing rate above the rate of phytoplankton growth. In general, at low rate of phytoplankton consumption the spatial structures formation is possible at low rates of zooplankton decline and diffusion of all the plankton community. With the increase in phytoplankton predation rate the phytoplankton diffusion and zooplankton spatial movement has essential effect on the spatial instability.

Base long-term modern scenarios of hydrochemical and temperature regimes of the Sea of Azov were considered. New schemes of modeling mechanisms of algal adaptation to changes in the hydrochemical regime and temperature were proposed. In comparison to the traditional ecological-evolutionary schemes, these models have a relatively small dimension, high speed and allow carrying out various calculations on long-term perspective (evolutionally significant times). Based on the ecology-evolutionary model of the lower trophic levels the impact of these environmental factors on the dynamics and microevolution of algae in the Sea of Azov was estimated. In each scenario, the calculations were made for 100 years, with the final values of the variables and parameters not depending on the choice of the initial values. In the process of such asymptotic computer analysis, it was found that as a result of climate warming and temperature adaptation of organisms, the average annual biomass of thermophilic algae (Pyrrophyta and Cyanophyta) naturally increases. However, for a number of diatom algae (Bacillariophyta), even with their temperature adaptation, the average annual biomass may unexpectedly decrease. Probably, this phenomenon is associated with a toughening of competition between species with close temperature parameters of existence. The influence of the variation in the chemical composition of the Don River’s flow on the dynamics of nutrients and algae of the Sea of Azov was also investigated. It turned out that the ratio of organic forms of nitrogen and phosphorus in sea waters varies little. This stabilization phenomenon will take place for all high-productive reservoirs with low flow, due to autochthonous origin of larger part of organic matter in water bodies of this type.

In the conditions of the development of modern economy, human capital is one of the main factors of economic growth. The formation of human capital begins with the birth of a person and continues throughout life, so the value of human capital is inseparable from its carriers, which in turn makes it difficult to account for this factor. This has led to the fact that currently there are no generally accepted methods of calculating the value of human capital. There are only a few approaches to the measurement of human capital: the cost approach (by income or investment) and the index approach, of which the most well-known approach developed under the auspices of the UN.

This paper presents the assigned task in conjunction with the task of demographic dynamics solved in the time-age plane, which allows to more fully take into account the temporary changes in the demographic structure on the dynamics of human capital.

The task of demographic dynamics is posed within the framework of the Mac-Kendrick – von Foerster model on the basis of the equation of age structure dynamics. The form of distribution functions for births, deaths and migration of the population is determined on the basis of the available statistical information. The numerical solution of the problem is given. The analysis and forecast of demographic indicators are presented. The economic and mathematical model of human capital dynamics is formulated on the basis of the demographic dynamics problem. The problem of modeling the human capital dynamics considers three components of capital: educational, health and cultural (spiritual). Description of the evolution of human capital components uses an equation of the transfer equation type. Investments in human capital components are determined on the basis of budget expenditures and private expenditures, taking into account the characteristic time life cycle of demographic elements. A one-dimensional kinetic equation is used to predict the dynamics of the total human capital. The method of calculating the dynamics of this factor is given as a time function. The calculated data on the human capital dynamics are presented for the Russian Federation. As studies have shown, the value of human capital increased rapidly until 2008, in the future there was a period of stabilization, but after 2014 there is a negative dynamics of this value.

The article describes the modes with the exacerbation of social and biological history. The analysis of the possible causes of the sharp acceleration of biological and social processes in certain historical periods is carried out. Using mathematical modeling shows that hyperbolic trends in social and biological evolution may be the result of transitional processes in periods of expansion of ecological niches. Accelerating biological speciation due to the fact that its earlier life change inhabitancy, making it more diverse, saturating the organic, thus creating favourable conditions for the emergence of new species. In the social history of the expansion of ecological niches associated with technological revolutions, of which the most important were: Neolithic revolution — the transition from appropriating economy to producing economy (10 thousand years ago), “urban revolution” — a shift from the Neolithic epoch to the bronze epoch (5 thousand years ago), the “axial age” — transition to the development of iron tools (2.5 thousand years ago), the industrial revolution — the transition from manual labor to machine production (200 years ago). All of these technological revolutions have been accompanied by dramatic population growth, changes in social and political spheres. So, observed in the last century, hyperbolic nature of some demographic, economic growth and other indicators of world dynamics is a consequence of the transition process, which began as a result of the industrial revolution and to prepare for the transition of the society to a new stage of its development. Singularity point of hyperbolic trend shows the end of the initial phase of the process and marks the transition to the final stage. The mathematical model describing the demographic and economic changes in the era of change is proposed. It is shown that a direct analogue of the contemporary situation in this sense is the “axial age” (since 8 century BC to the beginning of our era). The existence of this analogy allows you to see into the future by studying the past.

Magnetic systems, in which due to competition between the direct Heisenberg exchange and the Dzyaloshinskii –Moriya interaction, magnetic vortex structures — skyrmions appear, were studied using the Metropolis algorithm.

The conditions for the nucleation and stable existence of magnetic skyrmions in two-dimensional magnetic films in the frame of the classical Heisenberg model were considered in the article. A thermal stability of skyrmions in a magnetic film was studied. The processes of the formation of various states in the system at different values of external magnetic fields were considered, various phases into which the Heisenberg spin system passes were recognized. The authors identified seven phases: paramagnetic, spiral, labyrinth, spiralskyrmion, skyrmion, skyrmion-ferromagnetic and ferromagnetic phases, a detailed analysis of the configurations is given in the article.

Two phase diagrams were plotted: the first diagram shows the behavior of the system at a constant $D$ depending on the values of the external magnetic field and temperature $(T, B)$, the second one shows the change of the system configurations at a constant temperature $T$ depending on the magnitude of the Dzyaloshinskii – Moriya interaction and external magnetic field: $(D, B)$.

The data from these numerical experiments will be used in further studies to determine the model parameters of the system for the formation of a stable skyrmion state and to develop methods for controlling skyrmions in a magnetic film.

A previously developed model that describes the dynamics of social tension in a society divided into two groups: the elite and the people was considered. This model took into account the impact of economic situation changes and the elite–people interaction. The model has been modified by including in the equation describing the tension of the people, a term that takes into account the adaptation of the people to the current situation.

The model coefficients estimation is an important task, the solution of which allows obtaining information about the nature of the interaction between elite and people. We believe that the solution of the system of model equations with optimal coefficients is closest to the values of the indicator characterizing social tension. We used the normalized level of homicide rate as an indicator of social tension.

The model contains seven coefficients. Two coefficients characterizing the influence of economic situation changes on elite and people are taken equal to each other and the same for all countries. We obtained their estimations using a simplified model that takes into account only the change in the economic situation and allows an analytical solution.

The Bayesian approach was used to estimate the remaining five coefficients of model for post-Soviet countries. The prior probability densities of the four coefficients for all countries under consideration were taken to be the same. The prior probability density of fifth coefficient was considered to depend on the regime of government (authoritarian or «transitional»). We assumed that the calculated tension matches with the corresponding indicator of tension in cases where the difference between them does not exceed 5%.

The calculations showed that for the post-Soviet countries, a good coincidence was obtained between the calculated values of the people tension and the normalized level of homicide rate. The coincidence is satisfactory only on average.

The following main results was obtained at the work: under the influence of some «significant» events in 40% of post-Soviet countries, there was a rapid change in the nature of interaction between the elite and the people; regional feature have some influence on the elite–people interaction; the type of government does not significantly affect the elite–people interaction; the method for assessing the stability of the country by the value of the model coefficients is proposed.

Changes in abundance for emerging populations can develop according to several dynamic scenarios. After rapid biological invasions, the time factor for the development of a reaction from the biotic environment will become important. There are two classic experiments known in history with different endings of the confrontation of biological species. In Gause’s experiments with ciliates, the infused predator, after brief oscillations, completely destroyed its resource, so its $r$-parameter became excessive for new conditions. Its own reproductive activity was not regulated by additional factors and, as a result, became critical for the invader. In the experiments of the entomologist Uchida with parasitic wasps and their prey beetles, all species coexisted. In a situation where a population with a high reproductive potential is regulated by several natural enemies, interesting dynamic effects can occur that have been observed in phytophages in an evergreen forest in Australia. The competing parasitic hymenoptera create a delayed regulation system for rapidly multiplying psyllid pests, where a rapid increase in the psyllid population is allowed until the pest reaches its maximum number. A short maximum is followed by a rapid decline in numbers, but minimization does not become critical for the population. The paper proposes a phenomenological model based on a differential equation with a delay, which describes a scenario of adaptive regulation for a population with a high reproductive potential with an active, but with a delayed reaction with a threshold regulation of exposure. It is shown that the complication of the regulation function of biotic resistance in the model leads to the stabilization of the dynamics after the passage of the minimum number by the rapidly breeding species. For a flexible system, transitional regimes of growth and crisis lead to the search for a new equilibrium in the evolutionary confrontation.

The background social strain of a society can be quantitatively estimated using various statistical indicators. Mathematical models, allowing to forecast the dynamics of social strain, are successful in describing various social processes. If the number of interacting groups is small, the dynamics of the corresponding indicators can be modelled with a system of ordinary differential equations. The increase in the number of interacting components leads to the growth of complexity, which makes the analysis of such models a challenging task. A continuous social stratification model can be considered as a result of the transition from a discrete number of interacting social groups to their continuous distribution in some finite interval. In such a model, social strain naturally spreads locally between neighbouring groups, while in reality, the social elite influences the whole society via news media, and the Internet allows non-local interaction between social groups. These factors, however, can be taken into account to some extent using the term of the model, describing negative external influence on the society. In this paper, we develop a continuous social stratification model, describing the dynamics of two societies connected through migration. We assume that people migrate from the social group of donor society with the highest strain level to poorer social layers of the acceptor society, transferring the social strain at the same time. We assume that all model parameters are constants, which is a realistic assumption for small societies only. By using the finite volume method, we construct the spatial discretization for the problem, capable of reproducing finite propagation speed of social strain. We verify the discretization by comparing the results of numerical simulations with the exact solutions of the auxiliary non-linear diffusion equation. We perform the numerical analysis of the proposed model for different values of model parameters, study the impact of migration intensity on the stability of acceptor society, and find the destabilization conditions. The results, obtained in this work, can be used in further analysis of the model in the more realistic case of inhomogeneous coefficients.

Based on the time-discrete model, we study the effect of selective proportional harvesting on the population dynamics with age and sex structure. When constructing the model, we assume that the population birth rate depends on the ratio of the sexes and the number of formed pairs. The regulation of population growth is carried out by limiting the juvenile’s survival when the survival of immature individuals decreases with an increase in the numbers of sex and age classes. We consider cases where the harvest is carried out only from a younger age class or from a group of mature females or males. We find that the harvesting of males or females at the optimal level is responsible for changing the ratio of females to males (taking into account the average size of the harem). We show that the maximum number of harvested males is achieved either at such a harvest rate when their excess number is withdrawn and the balance of sexes is established or at such an optimal catch quota at which the sex ratio is shifted towards breeding females. Optimal female harvesting, in which the highest number of them are taken, either maintains a preexisting shortage of adult males or leads to an excess of males or the fixing of a sex balance. We find that, depending on the population parameters for all considered harvesting strategies, the hydra effect can observe, i. e., the equilibrium size of the exploited sex and age-specific group (after reproduction) can increase with the growth of harvesting intensity. The selective harvesting, due to which the hydra effect occurs, simultaneously leads to an increase remaining population size and the number of harvested individuals. At the same time, the size of the exploited group after reproduction can become even more than without exploitation. Equilibrium harvesting with the optimal harvest rate that maximizes yield leads to a population size decrease. The effect of hydra is at lower values of the catch quota than the optimal harvest rate. At the same time, the consequence of the hydra effect may be a higher abundance of the age-sex group under optimal exploitation compared to the level observed in the absence of harvesting.

The article considers the problem of the stability of the vertical position of a Maxwell pendulum during its periodic up-down movements. Two types of transition movements are considered: “stop” — occurs when the body of the pendulum in its highest position on the string (during its “standard” upward movement) stops for a moment; “two-link pendulum” — occurs when the entire thread from the body of the pendulum is selected (the lowest position of the body on the thread during its “standard” downward movement), and the body is forced to rotate relative to the thread around the point of its attachment to the body. It is shown that for any values of the pendulum parameters, this position is unstable in the sense that oscillations of the thread around the vertical of finite amplitude occur in the system for arbitrarily small initial deviations. In addition, it has been established that no shock phenomena occur during the movement of the Maxwell pendulum, and the model of this pendulum itself, with the values of its parameters often used in the literature, is incorrect according to Hadamard. In this work, it is shown that the vertical position of the pendulum threads during the indicated oscillatory movements of the body along the threads for any non-degenerate values of the parameters of the Maxwell pendulum is always unstable in the above sense. Moreover, this instability is caused precisely by transitional movements of the 2nd type. In this work, it is further shown that no jumps in speeds or accelerations (due to which shocks or “jerks” in the tension of the threads can occur) do not occur during the indicated movements of the Maxwell pendulum model under consideration. In our opinion, the “jerks” observed in the experiments are due to other reasons, for example, the technical imperfection of the instruments on which the experiments were carried out.