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A three-dimensional (3D) hydrodynamic model to describe the spatial patterns of wind and turbulence characteristics in the atmospheric surface layer over inhomogeneous vegetation cover is presented. To describe the interaction of air flow with vegetation the theory of contrast structures is used. The numerical experiments provided by a developed model to assess the impact of small clear-cutting on wind and turbulent regime in the atmospheric surface layer showed a significant influence of heterogeneous vegetation on the wind field and the turbulent exchange processes between the land surface and the atmosphere. Obtained results give a reasonable agreement with field experimental data and results of numerical experiments provided using alternative models.

Investigation of the influence of external fields on living systems is one of the most interesting and rapidly developing areas of modern biophysics. However, the mechanisms of such an impact are still not entirely clear. One approach to the study of this issue is associated with modeling the interaction of external fields with internal mobility of biological objects. In this paper, this approach is used to study the effect of external fields on the motion of local conformational distortions — kinks, in the DNA molecule. Realizing and taking into account that on the whole this task is closely connected with the problem of the mechanisms of regulation of vital processes of cells and cellular systems, we set the problem — to investigate the physical mechanisms regulating the motion of kinks and also to answer the question whether permanent and periodic fields can play the role of regulators of this movement. The paper considers the most general case, when constant and periodic fields are switching on and off asynchronously. Three variants of asynchronous switching on/off are studied in detail. In the first variant, the time intervals (or diapasons) of the actions of the constant and periodic fields do not overlap, in the second — overlap, and in the third — the intervals are putting in each other. The calculations were performed for the sequence of plasmid pTTQ18. The kink motion was modeled by the McLaughlin–Scott equation, and the coefficients of the equation were calculated in a quasi-homogeneous approximation. Numerical experiments showed that constant and periodic fields exert a significant influence on the character of the kink motion and regulate it. So the switching on of a constant field leads to a rapid increase of the kink velocity and to the establishment of a stationary velocity of motion, and the switching on of a periodic field leads to the steady oscillations of the kink with the frequency of the external periodic field. It is shown that the behavior of the kink depends on the mutual arrangement of the diapasons of the action of the external fields. As it turned out, events occurring in one of the two diapasons can affect the events in the other diapason, even when the diapasons are sufficiently far apart. It is shown that the overlapping of the diapasons of action of the constant and periodic fields leads to a significant increase in the path traversed by the kink to a complete stop. Maximal growth of the path is observed when one diapason is putting in each other. In conclusion, the question of how the obtained model results could be related to the most important task of biology — the problem of the mechanisms of regulation of the processes of vital activity of cells and cellular systems is discussed.

The article deals with the modeling of the number of employed population by branches of the economy at the national and regional levels. The lack of targeted distribution of workers in a market economy requires the study of systemic processes in the labor market that lead to different dynamics of the number of employed in the sectors of the economy. In this case, personal strategies for choosing labor activity by economic agents become important. The presence of different strategies leads to the emergence of strata in the labor market with a dynamically changing number of employees, unevenly distributed among the sectors of the economy. As a result, non-linear fluctuations in the number of employed population can be observed, the toolkit of agentbased modeling is relevant for the study of the fluctuations. In the article, we examined in-phase and anti-phase fluctuations in the number of employees by economic activity on the example of the Jewish Autonomous Region in Russia. The fluctuations found in the time series of statistical data for 2008–2016. We show that such fluctuations appear by age groups of workers. In view of this, we put forward a hypothesis that the agent in the labor market chooses a place of work by a strategy, related with his age group. It directly affects the distribution of the number of employed for different cohorts and the total number of employed in the sectors of the economy. The agent determines the strategy taking into account the socio-economic characteristics of the branches of the economy (different levels of wages, working conditions, prestige of the profession). We construct a basic agentoriented model of a three-branch economy to test the hypothesis. The model takes into account various strategies of economic agents, including the choice of the highest wages, the highest prestige of the profession and the best working conditions by the agent. As a result of numerical experiments, we show that the availability of various industry selection strategies and the age preferences of employers within the industry lead to periodic and complex dynamics of the number of different-aged employees. Age preferences may be a consequence, for example, the requirements of employer for the existence of work experience and education. Also, significant changes in the age structure of the employed population may result from migration.

The work is devoted to the construction and analysis of difference schemes for a system of hemodynamic equations obtained by averaging the hydrodynamic equations of a viscous incompressible fluid over the vessel cross-section. Models of blood as an ideal and as a viscous Newtonian fluid are considered. Difference schemes that approximate equations with second order on the spatial variable are proposed. The computational algorithms of the constructed schemes are based on the method of splitting on physical processes. According to this approach, at one time step, the model equations are considered separately and sequentially. The practical implementation of the proposed schemes at each time step leads to a sequential solution of two linear systems with tridiagonal matrices. It is demonstrated that the schemes are $\rho$-stable under minor restrictions on the time step in the case of sufficiently smooth solutions.

For the problem with a known analytical solution, it is demonstrated that the numerical solution has a second order convergence in a wide range of spatial grid step. The proposed schemes are compared with well-known explicit schemes, such as the Lax – Wendroff, Lax – Friedrichs and McCormack schemes in computational experiments on modeling blood flow in model vascular systems. It is demonstrated that the results obtained using the proposed schemes are close to the results obtained using other computational schemes, including schemes constructed by other approaches to spatial discretization. It is demonstrated that in the case of different spatial grids, the time of computation for the proposed schemes is significantly less than in the case of explicit schemes, despite the need to solve systems of linear equations at each step. The disadvantages of the schemes are the limitation on the time step in the case of discontinuous or strongly changing solutions and the need to use extrapolation of values at the boundary points of the vessels. In this regard, problems on the adaptation of splitting schemes for problems with discontinuous solutions and in cases of special types of conditions at the vessels ends are perspective for further research.

In some cases, information warfare results in almost whole population accepting one of two contesting points of view and rejecting the other. In other cases, however, the “majority party” gets only a small advantage over the “minority party”. The relevant question is which network characteristics of a population contribute to the minority being able to maintain some significant numbers. Given that some societies are more connected than others, in the sense that they have a higher density of social ties, this question is specified as follows: how does the density of social ties affect the chances of a minority to maintain a significant number? Does a higher density contribute to a landslide victory of majority, or to resistance of minority? To address this issue, we consider information warfare between two parties, called the Left and the Right, in the population, which is represented as a network, the nodes of which are individuals, and the connections correspond to their acquaintance and describe mutual influence. At each of the discrete points in time, each individual decides which party to support based on their attitude, i. e. predisposition to the Left or Right party and taking into account the influence of his network ties. The influence means here that each tie sends a cue with a certain probability to the individual in question in favor of the party that themselves currently support. If the tie switches their party affiliation, they begin to agitate the individual in question for their “new” party. Such processes create dynamics, i. e. the process of changing the partisanship of individuals. The duration of the warfare is exogenously set, with the final time point roughly associated with the election day. The described model is numerically implemented on a scale-free network. Numerical experiments have been carried out for various values of network density. Because of the presence of stochastic elements in the model, 200 runs were conducted for each density value, for each of which the final number of supporters of each of the parties was calculated. It is found that with higher density, the chances increase that the winner will cover almost the entire population. Conversely, low network density contributes to the chances of a minority to maintain significant numbers.

Numerous contemporary studies confirm that neurons, astrocytes and blood vessels function as a unified dynamic system. Consequently, the concept of the integrated neurogliovascular unit (NGVU), encompassing these components, has emerged and gained significant traction in recent years. According to this framework, normal brain function relies on a broad complex of interactions between NGVU elements, while the disruption of these links may underlie various neuropathologies. Understanding the processes within a single NGVU, as well as the organization of connections between multiple units, is a prerequisite for successful diagnosis and therapy of neurological disorders.

In this work, we developed an NGVU model that, for the first time, integrates a detailed description of synaptically coupled excitatory and inhibitory neuronal networks (accounting for the E/I balance), extracellular environment dynamics (potassium, glutamate, GABA), and norepinephrine-modulated astrocytic activity, with subsequent regulation of local blood flow.

A key conceptual feature of the model is the integration of multiscale processes — ranging from ion dynamics at the level of individual Hodgkin – Huxley neurons to substance diffusion across a network of 100 NGVUs — into a single system of coupled nonlinear differential equations. This approach enabled the investigation of the ensemble’s collective dynamics and the identification of novel functional regimes.

Numerical experiments established that extracellular potassium dynamics and positive feedback play a decisive role in the formation of stable spatial excitation structures. It is shown that under local stimulation, activity remains confined due to potassium diffusion outflow; however, supercritical excitation initiates self-sustaining autowave regimes. The stabilization of these regimes leads to the formation of spatial patterns morphologically similar to Turing structures. These patterns, characterized by alternating zones of high and low activity, are independent of specific initial conditions but sensitive to parameter variations. This suggests that the system operates in a dynamic instability (chaos) regime, which is consistent with the concept of self-organized criticality of the brain under physiological conditions. The model successfully reproduces experimentally observed phenomena, including bursting and sensitivity to extracellular potassium. The results provide new perspectives for analyzing the pathophysiological mechanisms of brain function.

We comsider a model of the dynamics a political system of several parties, accompanied and controlled by the growth of social tension. A system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations is proposed with respect to fractions and an additional scalar variable characterizing the magnitude of tension in society the change of each party is proportional to the current value multiplied by a coefficient that consists of an influx of novice, a flow from competing parties, and a loss due to the growth of social tension. The change in tension is made up of party contributions and own relaxation. The number of parties is fixed, there are no mechanisms in the model for combining existing or the birth of new parties.

To study of possible scenarios of the dynamic processes of the model we derive an approach based on the selection of conditions under which this problem belongs to the class of cosymmetric systems. For the case of two parties, it is shown that in the system under consideration may have two families of equilibria, as well as a family of limit cycles. The existence of cosymmetry for a system of differential equations is ensured by the presence of additional constraints on the parameters, and in this case, the emergence of continuous families of stationary and nonstationary solutions is possible. To analyze the scenarios of cosymmetry breaking, an approach based on the selective function is applied. In the case of one political party, there is no multistability, one stable solution corresponds to each set of parameters. For the case of two parties, it is shown that in the system under consideration may have two families of equilibria, as well as a family of limit cycles. The results of numerical experiments demonstrating the destruction of the families and the implementation of various scenarios leading to the stabilization of the political system with the coexistence of both parties or to the disappearance of one of the parties, when part of the population ceases to support one of the parties and becomes indifferent are presented.

This model can be used to predict the inter-party struggle during the election campaign. In this case necessary to take into account the dependence of the coefficients of the system on time.

The paper provides a comparative analysis of the results obtained by various approaches to modeling the process of artillery shot. In this connection, the main problem of internal ballistics and its particular case of the Lagrange problem are formulated in averaged parameters, where, within the framework of the assumptions of the thermodynamic approach, the distribution of pressure and gas velocity over the projectile space for a channel of variable cross section is taken into account for the first time. The statement of the Lagrange problem is also presented in the framework of the gas-dynamic approach, taking into account the spatial (one-dimensional and two-dimensional axisymmetric) changes in the characteristics of the ballistic process. The control volume method is used to numerically solve the system of Euler gas-dynamic equations. Gas parameters at the boundaries of control volumes are determined using a selfsimilar solution to the Riemann problem. Based on the Godunov method, a modification of the Osher scheme is proposed, which allows to implement a numerical calculation algorithm with a second order of accuracy in coordinate and time. The solutions obtained in the framework of the thermodynamic and gas-dynamic approaches are compared for various loading parameters. The effect of projectile mass and chamber broadening on the distribution of the ballistic parameters of the shot and the dynamics of the projectile motion was studied. It is shown that the thermodynamic approach, in comparison with the gas-dynamic approach, leads to a systematic overestimation of the estimated muzzle velocity of the projectile in the entire range of parameters studied, while the difference in muzzle velocity can reach 35%. At the same time, the discrepancy between the results obtained in the framework of one-dimensional and two-dimensional gas-dynamic models of the shot in the same range of change in parameters is not more than 1.3%.

A spatial gas-dynamic formulation of the backpressure problem is given, which describes the change in pressure in front of an accelerating projectile as it moves along the barrel channel. It is shown that accounting the projectile’s front, considered in the two-dimensional axisymmetric formulation of the problem, leads to a significant difference in the pressure fields behind the front of the shock wave, compared with the solution in the framework of the onedimensional formulation of the problem, where the projectile’s front is not possible to account. It is concluded that this can significantly affect the results of modeling ballistics of a shot at high shooting velocities.

The article is devoted to studying the application of convex optimization methods to solve the Cauchy problem for the Helmholtz equation, which is ill-posed since the equation belongs to the elliptic type. The Cauchy problem is formulated as an inverse problem and is reduced to a convex optimization problem in a Hilbert space. The functional to be optimized and its gradient are calculated using the solution of boundary value problems, which, in turn, are well-posed and can be approximately solved by standard numerical methods, such as finite-difference schemes and Fourier series expansions. The convergence of the applied fast gradient method and the quality of the solution obtained in this way are experimentally investigated. The experiment shows that the accelerated gradient method — the Similar Triangle Method — converges faster than the non-accelerated method. Theorems on the computational complexity of the resulting algorithms are formulated and proved. It is found that Fourier’s series expansions are better than finite-difference schemes in terms of the speed of calculations and improve the quality of the solution obtained. An attempt was made to use restarts of the Similar Triangle Method after halving the residual of the functional. In this case, the convergence does not improve, which confirms the absence of strong convexity. The experiments show that the inaccuracy of the calculations is more adequately described by the additive concept of the noise in the first-order oracle. This factor limits the achievable quality of the solution, but the error does not accumulate. According to the results obtained, the use of accelerated gradient optimization methods can be the way to solve inverse problems effectively.

The technology of creating patterns from natural language words (concepts) based on text data in the bag of words model is considered. Patterns are used to reduce the dimension of the original space in the description of documents and search for semantically related words by topic. The process of dimensionality reduction is implemented through the formation of patterns of latent features. The variety of structures of document relations is investigated in order to divide them into themes in the latent space.

It is considered that a given set of documents (objects) is divided into two non-overlapping classes, for the analysis of which it is necessary to use a common dictionary. The belonging of words to a common vocabulary is initially unknown. Class objects are considered as opposition to each other. Quantitative parameters of oppositionality are determined through the values of the stability of each feature and generalized assessments of objects according to non-overlapping sets of features.

To calculate the stability, the feature values are divided into non-intersecting intervals, the optimal boundaries of which are determined by a special criterion. The maximum stability is achieved under the condition that the boundaries of each interval contain values of one of the two classes.

The composition of features in sets (patterns of words) is formed from a sequence ordered by stability values. The process of formation of patterns and latent features based on them is implemented according to the rules of hierarchical agglomerative grouping.

A set of latent features is used for cluster analysis of documents using metric grouping algorithms. The analysis applies the coefficient of content authenticity based on the data on the belonging of documents to classes. The coefficient is a numerical characteristic of the dominance of class representatives in groups.

To divide documents into topics, it is proposed to use the union of groups in relation to their centers. As patterns for each topic, a sequence of words ordered by frequency of occurrence from a common dictionary is considered.

The results of a computational experiment on collections of abstracts of scientific dissertations are presented. Sequences of words from the general dictionary on 4 topics are formed.