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This article is devoted to the study of self-propulsion of bodies in a fluid by the action of internal mechanisms, without changing the external shape of the body. The paper presents an overview of theoretical papers that justify the possibility of this displacement in ideal and viscous liquids.

A special case of self-propulsion of a rigid body along the surface of a liquid is considered due to the motion of two internal masses along the circles. The paper presents a mathematical model of the motion of a solid body with moving internal masses in a three-dimensional formulation. This model takes into account the three-dimensional vibrations of the body during motion, which arise under the action of external forces-gravity force, Archimedes force and forces acting on the body, from the side of a viscous fluid.

The body is a homogeneous elliptical cylinder with a keel located along the larger diagonal. Inside the cylinder there are two material point masses moving along the circles. The centers of the circles lie on the smallest diagonal of the ellipse at an equal distance from the center of mass.

Equations of motion of the system (a body with two material points, placed in a fluid) are represented as Kirchhoff equations with the addition of external forces and moments acting on the body. The phenomenological model of viscous friction is quadratic in velocity used to describe the forces of resistance to motion in a fluid. The coefficients of resistance to movement were determined experimentally. The forces acting on the keel were determined by numerical modeling of the keel oscillations in a viscous liquid using the Navier – Stokes equations.

In this paper, an experimental verification of the proposed mathematical model was carried out. Several series of experiments on self-propulsion of a body in a liquid by means of rotation of internal masses with different speeds of rotation are presented. The dependence of the average propagation velocity, the amplitude of the transverse oscillations as a function of the rotational speed of internal masses is investigated. The obtained experimental data are compared with the results obtained within the framework of the proposed mathematical model.

We study an appearance of gravitational convection in a porous medium saturated by the double-diffusive fluid. The rectangle heated from below is considered with anisotropy of media properties. We analyze Darcy – Boussinesq equations for a binary fluid with Soret effect.

Resulting system for the stream function, the deviation of temperature and concentration is cosymmetric under some additional conditions for the parameters of the problem. It means that the quiescent state (mechanical equilibrium) loses its stability and a continuous family of stationary regimes branches off. We derive explicit formulas for the critical values of the Rayleigh numbers both for temperature and concentration under these conditions of the cosymmetry. It allows to analyze monotonic instability of mechanical equilibrium, the results of corresponding computations are presented.

A finite-difference discretization of a second-order accuracy is developed with preserving of the cosymmetry of the underlying system. The derived numerical scheme is applied to analyze the stability of mechanical equilibrium.

The appearance of stationary and nonstationary convective regimes is studied. The neutral stability curves for the mechanical equilibrium are presented. The map for the plane of the Rayleigh numbers (temperature and concentration) are displayed. The impact of the parameters of thermal diffusion on the Rayleigh concentration number is established, at which the oscillating instability precedes the monotonic instability. In the general situation, when the conditions of cosymmetry are not satisfied, the derived formulas of the critical Rayleigh numbers can be used to estimate the thresholds for the convection onset.

Solution of Dynamic Light Scattering problem makes it possible to determine particle size distribution (PSD) from the spectrum of the intensity of scattered light. As a result of experiment, an intensity curve is obtained. The experimentally obtained spectrum of intensity is compared with the theoretically expected spectrum, which is the Lorentzian line. The main task is to determine on the basis of these data the relative concentrations of particles of each class presented in the solution. The article presents a method for constructing and using a neural network trained on synthetic data to determine PSD in a solution in the range of 1–500 nm. The neural network has a fully connected layer of 60 neurons with the RELU activation function at the output, a layer of 45 neurons and the same activation function, a dropout layer and 2 layers with 15 and 1 neurons (network output). The article describes how the network has been trained and tested on synthetic and experimental data. On the synthetic data, the standard deviation metric (rmse) gave a value of 1.3157 nm. Experimental data were obtained for particle sizes of 200 nm, 400 nm and a solution with representatives of both sizes. The results of the neural network and the classical linear methods are compared. The disadvantages of the classical methods are that it is difficult to determine the degree of regularization: too much regularization leads to the particle size distribution curves are much smoothed out, and weak regularization gives oscillating curves and low reliability of the results. The paper shows that the neural network gives a good prediction for particles with a large size. For small sizes, the prediction is worse, but the error quickly decreases as the particle size increases.

The paper deals with the mathematical model formulation for studying the nonlinear hydro-elastic response of the narrow channel wall supported by a spring with cubic nonlinearity and interacting with a pulsating viscous liquid filling the channel. In contrast to the known approaches, within the framework of the proposed mathematical model, the inertial and dissipative properties of the viscous incompressible liquid and the restoring force nonlinearity of the supporting spring were simultaneously taken into account. The mathematical model was an equations system for the coupled plane hydroelasticity problem, including the motion equations of a viscous incompressible liquid, with the corresponding boundary conditions, and the channel wall motion equation as a single-degree-of-freedom model with a cubic nonlinear restoring force. Initially, the viscous liquid dynamics was investigated within the framework of the hydrodynamic lubrication theory, i. e. without taking into account the liquid motion inertia. At the next stage, the iteration method was used to take into account the motion inertia of the viscous liquid. The distribution laws of the hydrodynamic parameters for the viscous liquid in the channel were found which made it possible to determine its reaction acting on the channel wall. As a result, it was shown that the original hydroelasticity problem is reduced to a single nonlinear equation that coincides with the Duffing equation. In this equation, the damping coefficient is determined by the liquid physical properties and the channel geometric dimensions, and taking into account the liquid motion inertia lead to the appearance of an added mass. The nonlinear equation study for hydroelastic oscillations was carried out by the harmonic balance method for the main frequency of viscous liquid pulsations. As a result, the primary steady-state hydroelastic response for the channel wall supported by a spring with softening or hardening cubic nonlinearity was found. Numerical modeling of the channel wall hydroelastic response showed the possibility of a jumping change in the amplitudes of channel wall oscillations, and also made it possible to assess the effect of the liquid motion inertia on the frequency range in which these amplitude jumps are observed.

First-order optimization methods are workhorses in a wide range of modern applications in economics, physics, biology, machine learning, control, and other fields. Among other first-order methods accelerated and momentum ones obtain special attention because of their practical efficiency. The heavy-ball method (HB) is one of the first momentum methods. The method was proposed in 1964 and the first analysis was conducted for quadratic strongly convex functions. Since then a number of variations of HB have been proposed and analyzed. In particular, HB is known for its simplicity in implementation and its performance on nonconvex problems. However, as other momentum methods, it has nonmonotone behavior, and for optimal parameters, the method suffers from the so-called peak effect. To address this issue, in this paper, we consider an averaged version of the heavy-ball method (AHB). We show that for quadratic problems AHB has a smaller maximal deviation from the solution than HB. Moreover, for general convex and strongly convex functions, we prove non-accelerated rates of global convergence of AHB, its weighted version WAHB, and for AHB with restarts R-AHB. To the best of our knowledge, such guarantees for HB with averaging were not explicitly proven for strongly convex problems in the existing works. Finally, we conduct several numerical experiments on minimizing quadratic and nonquadratic functions to demonstrate the advantages of using averaging for HB. Moreover, we also tested one more modification of AHB called the tail-averaged heavy-ball method (TAHB). In the experiments, we observed that HB with a properly adjusted averaging scheme converges faster than HB without averaging and has smaller oscillations.

In a number of fundamental and practical problems, it is necessary to describe the dynamics of the motion of complexshaped particles in a high-speed gas flow. An example is the movement of coal particles behind the front of a strong shock wave during an explosion in a coal mine. The paper is devoted to numerical simulation of the dynamics of translational and rotational motion of a square-shaped body, as an example of a particle of a more complex shape than a round one, in a supersonic flow behind a passing shock wave. The formulation of the problem approximately corresponds to the experiments of Professor V. M. Boiko and Professor S. V. Poplavski (ITAM SB RAS).

Mathematical model is based on the two-dimensional Euler equations, which are solved in a region with varying boundaries. The defining system of equations is integrated using an explicit scheme and the Cartesian grid method which was developed and verified earlier. The computational algorithm at the time integration step includes: determining the step value, calculating the dynamics of the body movement (determining the force and moment acting on the body; determining the linear and angular velocities of the body; calculating the new coordinates of the body), calculating the gas parameters. To calculate numerical fluxes through the edges of the cell intersected by the boundaries of the body, we use a two-wave approximation for solving the Riemann problem and the Steger – Warming scheme.

The movement of a square with a side of 6 mm was initiated by the passage of a shock wave with a Mach number of 3,0 propagating in a flat channel 800 mm long and 60 mm wide. The channel was filled with air at low pressure. Different initial orientation of the square relative to the channel axis was considered. It is found that the initial position of the square with its side across the flow is less stable during its movement than the initial position with a diagonal across the flow. In this case, the calculated results qualitatively correspond to experimental observations. For the intermediate initial positions of a square, a typical mode of its motion is described, consisting of oscillations close to harmonic, turning into rotation with a constant average angular velocity. During the movement of the square, there is an average monotonous decrease in the distance between the center of mass and the center of pressure to zero.

Buckling problems of thin elastic shells have become relevant again because of the discrepancies between the standards in many countries on how to estimate loads causing buckling of shallow shells and the results of the experiments on thinwalled aviation structures made of high-strength alloys. The main contradiction is as follows: the ultimate internal stresses at shell buckling (collapsing) turn out to be lower than the ones predicted by the adopted design theory used in the USA and European standards. The current regulations are based on the static theory of shallow shells that was put forward in the 1930s: within the nonlinear theory of elasticity for thin-walled structures there are stable solutions that significantly differ from the forms of equilibrium typical to small initial loads. The minimum load (the lowest critical load) when there is an alternative form of equilibrium was used as a maximum permissible one. In the 1970s it was recognized that this approach is unacceptable for complex loadings. Such cases were not practically relevant in the past while now they occur with thinner structures used under complex conditions. Therefore, the initial theory on bearing capacity assessments needs to be revised. The recent mathematical results that proved asymptotic proximity of the estimates based on two analyses (the three-dimensional dynamic theory of elasticity and the dynamic theory of shallow convex shells) could be used as a theory basis. This paper starts with the setting of the dynamic theory of shallow shells that comes down to one resolving integrodifferential equation (once the special Green function is constructed). It is shown that the obtained nonlinear equation allows for separation of variables and has numerous time-period solutions that meet the Duffing equation with “a soft spring”. This equation has been thoroughly studied; its numerical analysis enables finding an amplitude and an oscillation period depending on the properties of the Green function. If the shell is oscillated with the trial time-harmonic load, the movement of the surface points could be measured at the maximum amplitude. The study proposes an experimental set-up where resonance oscillations are generated with the trial load normal to the surface. The experimental measurements of the shell movements, the amplitude and the oscillation period make it possible to estimate the safety factor of the structure bearing capacity with non-destructive methods under operating conditions.

Numerical methods of obtaining collective and one-particle states were used for the quantum description of two-nuclear systems behavior at the initial stage of near-barrier heavy nuclei fusion. The collective exited states in such systems represent concordant oscillations of surfaces of spherical nuclei. The one-particle states of the external neutrons are similar to the states of valence electrons of diatomic molecules.

The effect of the nonlinear supratransmission in crystal of A₃B stoichiometry is studied by molecular dynamics on the example of Pt₃Al alloy. This effect is the transfer of energy at frequencies outside the phonon spectrum of the crystal. Research of the mechanisms of energy transport from the material surface to the interior is the important task, both from the theoretical point of view and from the prospects for practical application in the modification of near-surface layers by treatment with intense external influence of various types. The model was a three-dimensional face-centered cubic crystal whose atoms interact by means of the multiparticle potential obtained by the embedded atom method, which provides greater realism of the model in comparison with the use of pair potentials. Various forms of oscillation of the external influence region are considered. The possibility of energy transport from the crystal surface to the interior is shown by excitation of quasi-breathers near the region of influence and their subsequent destruction in the crystal and scattering of the energy stored on them. The quasibreathers are high-amplitude nonlinear atoms' oscillations of the alloy lightweight component at frequencies outside the phonon spectrum of the crystal. This effect was observed not with every oscillation's form of the region of influence. Quasi-breathers appeared most intensely near the region of influence with sinusoidal form oscillations. The results obtained indicate that the contribution of quasi-breathers to the energy transfer through the crystal increases with increasing amplitude of the influence. The range of amplitudes from 0.05 to 0.5 Å is considered. The frequency of the influence varied from 0.2 to 15 THz, which ensured the coverage of the entire spectrum of lowamplitude oscillations for this crystal's model. The minimum magnitude of the external effect amplitude at which this effect was observed was found to be 0.15 Å. At amplitudes greater than 0.5 Å, the cell rapidly decays for frequencies close to the optical branch of the phonon spectrum. The results of the study can be useful for laser processing of materials, surface treatment by low-energy plasma, and also in radiation materials science.

Kuramoto model of non-linearly coupled oscillators provides a simple but effective approach to the study of the synchronization phenomenon in complex systems. In the present article we consider a particular Kuramoto model with three non-identical oscillators associated with a multi-cell radial profile of the solar meridional circulation. The top and the bottom oscillators are coupled through the middle one. The main difference of the present Kuramoto model from the previous ones consists in the non-identical coupling: coupling coefficients which tie the middle oscillator with the top and the bottom ones are different. We investigate how the value of the coupling asymmetry of the middle oscillator influences the synchronization. In the present model the synchronization conditions appear to be different the classical Kuramoto model allowing the synchronization to be reached with weaker coupling. We perform a reconstruction of coupling coefficients from the phase difference between the top and the bottom oscillators, assuming that the synchronization is reached and the natural frequencies are known. The absolute cumulative coupling is uniquely determined by the phase difference between the top and the bottom oscillators and the coupling asymmetry of the middle oscillator. In general case, higher values of the coupling asymmetry of the middle oscillator correspond to lower cumulative coupling. A unique coupling reconstruction with unknown coupling asymmetry is possible in general case only for the weak cumulative coupling. Deviations from the general case are discussed. We perform a model simulation with natural frequencies estimated from the velocities of the solar meridional flow. Heliseismological observations of the deep flow may be attributed either to the middle cell or to the deep one. We discuss the difference between these two cases in terms of the coupling reconstruction.