All issues

The article contains review of various estimation methods of combined extrusion process for the representative part, also analytical calculations and numerical simulation of this process using program DEFORM 3D. The comparative analysis of the results obtained by different methods was made. The assumptions of the main factors having a significant effect on the reliability of the results were formulated.

Automatic recognition of personal identity by biometric features is based on unique peculiarities or characteristics of people. Biometric identification process consist in making of reference templates and comparison with new input data. Iris pattern recognition algorithms presents high accuracy and low identification errors percent on practice. Iris pattern advantages over other biometric features are determined by its high degree of freedom (nearly 249), excessive density of unique features and constancy. High recognition reliability level is very important because it provides search in big databases. Unlike one-to-one check mode that is applicable only to small calculation count it allows to work in one-to-many identification mode. Every biometric identification system appears to be probabilistic and qualitative characteristics description utilizes such parameters as: recognition accuracy, false acceptance rate and false rejection rate. These characteristics allows to compare identity recognition methods and asses the system performance under any circumstances. This article explains the mathematical model of iris pattern biometric identification and its characteristics. Besides, there are analyzed results of comparison of model and real recognition process. To make such analysis there was carried out the review of existing iris pattern recognition methods based on different unique features vector. The Python-based software package is described below. It builds-up probabilistic distributions and generates large test data sets. Such data sets can be also used to educate the identification decision making neural network. Furthermore, synergy algorithm of several iris pattern identification methods was suggested to increase qualitative characteristics of system in comparison with the use of each method separately.

Dam safety assessment increasingly relies on continuous monitoring of hydrometeorological variables; however, identifying early-stage instability remains challenging due to complex spatio-temporal interactions and highly imbalanced failure observations. This study proposes a deep learning framework based on a Convolutional Bidirectional Gated Recurrent Unit (CNN–BiGRU) architecture to learn spatio-temporal precursors of dam instability from multivariate hydrometeorological time series. The convolutional component extracts localized temporal patterns associated with short-term fluctuations, while the bidirectional recurrent structure captures long-range dependencies and evolving dynamics preceding critical states.

The proposed model is evaluated on a real-world dam monitoring dataset comprising multiple water-level, meteorological, and derived dynamic indicators. To address class imbalance, a cost-sensitive training strategy using class weighting is adopted without synthetic oversampling. Experimental results demonstrate strong predictive performance, achieving an accuracy of 0.961, precision of 0.901, recall of 0.757, and an F1-score of 0.823. The model further attains a ROC-AUC of 0.907 and a PR-AUC of 0.819, indicating robust discrimination capability under imbalanced conditions.

Feature importance analysis reveals that short- and medium-term water level variability, including rolling standard deviation, volatility, and multi-scale gradients, play a dominant role in characterizing pre-instability behavior, providing physically interpretable insights into dam response dynamics. The findings suggest that the CNN–BiGRU framework effectively captures meaningful spatio-temporal precursors and offers a reliable data-driven tool for supporting dam safety monitoring and decision-making under real operational conditions.

The article deals with the process of creating an effective algorithm for determining the amount of emitted quanta from an X-ray tube in computer tomography (CT) studies. An analysis of domestic and foreign literature showed that most of the work in the field of radiometry and radiography takes the tabulated values of X-ray absorption coefficients into account, while individual dose factors are not taken into account at all since many studies are lacking the Dose Report. Instead, an average value is used to simplify the calculation of statistics. In this regard, it was decided to develop a method to detect the amount of ionizing quanta by analyzing the noise of CT data. As the basis of the algorithm, we used Poisson and Gauss distribution mathematical model of owns’ design of logarithmic value. The resulting mathematical model was tested on the CT data of a calibration phantom consisting of three plastic cylinders filled with water, the X-ray absorption coefficient of which is known from the table values. The data were obtained from several CT devices from different manufacturers (Siemens, Toshiba, GE, Phillips). The developed algorithm made it possible to calculate the number of emitted X-ray quanta per unit time. These data, taking into account the noise level and the radiuses of the cylinders, were converted to X-ray absorption values, after which a comparison was made with tabulated values. As a result of this operation, the algorithm used with CT data of various configurations, experimental data were obtained, consistent with the theoretical part and the mathematical model. The results showed good accuracy of the algorithm and mathematical apparatus, which shows reliability of the obtained data. This mathematical model is already used in the noise reduction program of the CT of own design, where it participates as a method of creating a dynamic threshold of noise reduction. At the moment, the algorithm is being processed to work with real data from computer tomography of patients.

Working memory mechanisms in spiking neural networks consisting of leaky integrate-and-fire neurons with adaptive threshold and synaptic plasticity are studied in this work. Moderate size networks including thousands of neurons were explored. Working memory is a network ability to keep in its state the information about recent stimuli presented to the network such that this information is sufficient to determine which stimulus has been presented. In this study, network state is defined as the current characteristics of network activity only — without internal state of its neurons. In order to discover the neuronal structures serving as a possible substrate of the memory mechanism, optimization of the network parameters and structure using genetic algorithm was carried out. Two kinds of neuronal structures with the desired properties were found. These are neuron pairs mutually connected by strong synaptic links and long tree-like neuronal ensembles. It was shown that only the neuron pairs are suitable for efficient and reliable implementation of working memory. Properties of such memory units and structures formed by them are explored in the present study. It is shown that characteristics of the studied two-neuron memory units can be set easily by the respective choice of the parameters of its neurons and synaptic connections. Besides that, this work demonstrates that ensembles of these structures can provide the network with capability of unsupervised learning to recognize patterns in the input signal.

Certifying a transport airplane for the flights under icing conditions in Russia was carried out within the framework of the requirements of Annex С to the AP-25 Aviation Rules. In force since 2023 to replace AP-25 the new Russian certification document “Airworthiness Standards” (NLG-25) proposes the introduction of Appendix O. A feature of Appendix O is the need to carry out calculations in conditions of high liquid water content and with large water drops (500 microns or more). With such parameters of the dispersed flow, such physical processes as the disruption and splashing of a water film when large drops enter it become decisive. The flow of a dispersed medium under such conditions is essentially polydisperse. This paper describes the modifications of the IceVision technique implemented on the basis of the FlowVision software package for the ice accretion calculations within the framework of Appendix O.

The main difference between the IceVision method and the known approaches is the use of the Volume of fluid (VOF) technology to the shape of ice changes tracking. The external flow around the aircraft is calculated simultaneously with the growth of ice and its heating. Ice is explicitly incorporated in the computational domain; the heat transfer equation is solved in it. Unlike the Lagrangian approaches, the Euler computational grid is not completely rebuilt in the IceVision technique: only the cells containing the contact surface are changed.

The IceVision 2.0 version accounts for stripping the film, as well as bouncing and splashing of falling drops at the surfaces of the aircraft and ice. The diameter of secondary droplets is calculated using known empirical correlations. The speed of the water film flow over the surface is determined taking into account the action of aerodynamic forces, gravity, hydrostatic pressure gradient and surface tension force. The result of taking into account surface tension is the effect of contraction of the film, which leads to the formation of water flows in the form of rivulets and ice deposits in the form of comb-like growths. An energy balance relation is fulfilled on the ice surface that takes into account the energy of falling drops, heat exchange between ice and air, the heat of crystallization, evaporation, sublimation and condensation. The paper presents the results of solving benchmark and model problems, demonstrating the effectiveness of the IceVision technique and the reliability of the obtained results.

The creation of a virtual laboratory stand that allows one to obtain reliable characteristics that can be proven as actual, taking into account errors and noises (which is the main distinguishing feature of a computational experiment from model studies) is one of the main problems of this work. It considers the following task: there is a rectangular waveguide in the single operating mode, on the wide wall of which a technological hole is cut, through which a sample for research is placed into the cavity of the transmission line. The recovery algorithm is as follows: the laboratory measures the network parameters (S₁₁ and/or S₂₁) in the transmission line with the sample. In the computer model of the laboratory stand, the sample geometry is reconstructed and an iterative process of optimization (or sweeping) of the electrophysical parameters is started, the mask of this process is the experimental data, and the stop criterion is the interpretive estimate of proximity (or residual). It is important to note that the developed computer model, along with its apparent simplicity, is initially ill-conditioned. To set up a computational experiment, the Comsol modeling environment is used. The results of the computational experiment with a good degree of accuracy coincided with the results of laboratory studies. Thus, experimental verification was carried out for several significant components, both the computer model in particular and the algorithm for restoring the target parameters in general. It is important to note that the computer model developed and described in this work may be effectively used for a computational experiment to restore the full dielectric parameters of a complex geometry target. Weak bianisotropy effects can also be detected, including chirality, gyrotropy, and material nonreciprocity. The resulting model is, by definition, incomplete, but its completeness is the highest of the considered options, while at the same time, the resulting model is well conditioned. Particular attention in this work is paid to the modeling of a coaxial-waveguide transition, it is shown that the use of a discrete-element approach is preferable to the direct modeling of the geometry of a microwave device.

Laser polishing is a promising technology for the finishing of fused quartz (fused silica or quartz glass) products, enabling the removal of subsurface defects induced by mechanical processing. However, the complexity and nonlinearity of the physical processes occurring during laser irradiation complicate the selection of optimal technological parameters. The present paper aims to develop, comparatively analyze, and apply high-precision predictive models for forecasting and optimizing the key performance indicators of the laser polishing process for quartz glass. A verified finite element model implemented in the ANSYS software environment produced a dataset of temperature and stress fields for various combinations of process parameters. This dataset was used to develop and validate four types of predictive models: Polynomial Regression, a Fuzzy Logic System, an Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS), and a Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) neural network. The models’ quality was evaluated on a test set using the statistical metrics MAE, RMSE, MAPE, $R^2$, and  $R^2_{Adj}$. A comparative analysis of the models revealed the significant superiority of the MLP neural network, which demonstrated the highest prediction accuracy for all output parameters, achieving Adjusted $R^2$ ($R^2_{Adj}$.) values above 0.97 and a Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) in the range of 0.7–2.8%. This model was effectively utilized as a surrogate function in combination with a genetic algorithm to successfully identify the optimal process parameters. The constructed MLP neural network model functions as a reliable and high-precision tool, facilitating both prediction and the optimization of fused quartz polishing outcomes using a CO₂ laser. This approach effectively approximates the complex nonlinear dependencies inherent in the process and can serve as a foundation for developing intelligent control and optimization systems for this technology.

This paper is devoted to investigation of the swirl flows. Such flows are widely used in various industrial processes. Swirl flows can be accompanied by time-dependent effects, for example, precession of the vortex core. In turn, the large-scale fluctuations due to the precession of the vortex can cause damage of structures and reduce of equipment reliability. Thus, for engineering calculations approaches that sufficiently well described such flows are required. This paper presents the technique of swirl flows calculation, tested for CFD packages Fluent and SigmaFlow. A numerical simulation of several swirl flow test problems was carried out. Obtained results are compared with each other and with the experimental data.

Analysis of regional economic indicators plays a crucial role in management and development planning, with Gross Regional Product (GRP) serving as one of the key indicators of economic activity. The application of artificial intelligence, including neural network technologies, enables significant improvements in the accuracy and reliability of forecasts of economic processes. This study compares three neural network algorithm models for predicting the GRP of a typical region of the Russian Federation — the Udmurt Republic — based on time series data from 2000 to 2023. The selected models include a neural network with the Bat Algorithm (BA-LSTM), a neural network model based on backpropagation error optimized with a Genetic Algorithm (GA-BPNN), and a neural network model of Elman optimized using the Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm (PSO-Elman). The research involved stages of neural network modeling such as data preprocessing, training model, and comparative analysis based on accuracy and forecast quality metrics. This approach allows for evaluating the advantages and limitations of each model in the context of GRP forecasting, as well as identifying the most promising directions for further research. The utilization of modern neural network methods opens new opportunities for automating regional economic analysis and improving the quality of forecast assessments, which is especially relevant when data are limited and for rapid decision-making. The study uses factors such as the amount of production capital, the average annual number of labor resources, the share of high-tech and knowledge-intensive industries in GRP, and an inflation indicator as input data for predicting GRP. The high accuracy of the predictions achieved by including these factors in the neural network models confirms the strong correlation between these factors and GRP. The results demonstrate the exceptional accuracy of the BA-LSTM neural network model on validation data: the coefficient of determination was 0.82, and the mean absolute percentage error was 4.19%. The high performance and reliability of this model confirm its capacity to predict effectively the dynamics of the GRP. During the forecast period up to 2030, the Udmurt Republic is expected to experience an annual increase in Gross Regional Product (GRP) of +4.6% in current prices or +2.5% in comparable 2023 prices. By 2030, the GRP is projected to reach 1264.5 billion rubles.