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A hierarchical method of mathematical and computer modeling of interval-stochastic thermal processes in complex electronic systems for various purposes is developed. The developed concept of hierarchical structuring reflects both the constructive hierarchy of a complex electronic system and the hierarchy of mathematical models of heat exchange processes. Thermal processes that take into account various physical phenomena in complex electronic systems are described by systems of stochastic, unsteady, and nonlinear partial differential equations and, therefore, their computer simulation encounters considerable computational difficulties even with the use of supercomputers. The hierarchical method avoids these difficulties. The hierarchical structure of the electronic system design, in general, is characterized by five levels: Level 1 — the active elements of the ES (microcircuits, electro-radio-elements); Level 2 — electronic module; Level 3 — a panel that combines a variety of electronic modules; Level 4 — a block of panels; Level 5 — stand installed in a stationary or mobile room. The hierarchy of models and modeling of stochastic thermal processes is constructed in the reverse order of the hierarchical structure of the electronic system design, while the modeling of interval-stochastic thermal processes is carried out by obtaining equations for statistical measures. The hierarchical method developed in the article allows to take into account the principal features of thermal processes, such as the stochastic nature of thermal, electrical and design factors in the production, assembly and installation of electronic systems, stochastic scatter of operating conditions and the environment, non-linear temperature dependencies of heat exchange factors, unsteady nature of thermal processes. The equations obtained in the article for statistical measures of stochastic thermal processes are a system of 14 non-stationary nonlinear differential equations of the first order in ordinary derivatives, whose solution is easily implemented on modern computers by existing numerical methods. The results of applying the method for computer simulation of stochastic thermal processes in electron systems are considered. The hierarchical method is applied in practice for the thermal design of real electronic systems and the creation of modern competitive devices.

The review considers a wide range of phenomena and problems associated with the explosion. Detailed numerical studies revealed an interesting physical effect — the formation of discrete vortex structures directly behind the front of a shock wave propagating in dense layers of a heterogeneous atmosphere. The necessity of further investigation of such phenomena and the determination of the degree of their connection with the possible development of gas-dynamic instability is shown. The brief analysis of numerous works on the thermal explosion of meteoroids during their high-speed movement in the Earth’s atmosphere is given. Much attention is paid to the development of a numerical algorithm for calculating the simultaneous explosion of several fragments of meteoroids and the features of the development of such a gas-dynamic flow are analyzed. The work shows that earlier developed algorithms for calculating explosions can be successfully used to study explosive volcanic eruptions. The paper presents and discusses the results of such studies for both continental and underwater volcanoes with certain restrictions on the conditions of volcanic activity.

The mathematical analysis is performed and the results of analytical studies of a number of important physical phenomena characteristic of explosions of high specific energy in the ionosphere are presented. It is shown that the preliminary laboratory physical modeling of the main processes that determine these phenomena is of fundamental importance for the development of sufficiently complete and adequate theoretical and numerical models of such complex phenomena as powerful plasma disturbances in the ionosphere. Laser plasma is the closest object for such a simulation. The results of the corresponding theoretical and experimental studies are presented and their scientific and practical significance is shown. The brief review of recent years on the use of laser radiation for laboratory physical modeling of the effects of a nuclear explosion on asteroid materials is given.

As a result of the analysis performed in the review, it was possible to separate and preliminarily formulate some interesting and scientifically significant questions that must be investigated on the basis of the ideas already obtained. These are finely dispersed chemically active systems formed during the release of volcanoes; small-scale vortex structures; generation of spontaneous magnetic fields due to the development of instabilities and their role in the transformation of plasma energy during its expansion in the ionosphere. It is also important to study a possible laboratory physical simulation of the thermal explosion of bodies under the influence of highspeed plasma flow, which has only theoretical interpretations.

Correct modeling of complex dynamics of urban transportation flows requires the collection of large volumes of empirical data to specify types of the modes and their identification. At the same time, setting a large number of observation posts is expensive and technically not always feasible. All this results in insufficient factographic support for the traffic control systems as well as for urban planners with the obvious consequences for the quality of their decisions. As one of the means to provide large-scale data collection at least for the qualitative situation analysis, the wide-area video cameras are used in different situation centers. There they are analyzed by human operators who are responsible for observation and control. Some video cameras provided their videos for common access, which makes them a valuable resource for transportation studies. However, there are significant problems with getting qualitative data from such cameras, which relate to the theory and practice of image processing. This study is devoted to the practical application of certain mainstream neuro-networking technologies for the estimation of essential characteristics of actual transportation flows. The problems arising in processing these data are analyzed, and their solutions are suggested. The convolution neural networks are used for tracking, and the methods for obtaining basic parameters of transportation flows from these observations are studied. The simplified neural networks are used for the preparation of training sets for the deep learning neural network YOLOv4 which is later used for the estimation of speed and density of automobile flows.

We consider a model of spontaneous formation of a computational structure in the human brain for solving a given class of tasks in the process of performing a series of similar tasks. The model is based on a special definition of a numerical measure of the complexity of the solution algorithm. This measure has an informational property: the complexity of a computational structure consisting of two independent structures is equal to the sum of the complexities of these structures. Then the probability of spontaneous occurrence of the structure depends exponentially on the complexity of the structure. The exponential coefficient requires experimental determination for each type of problem. It may depend on the form of presentation of the source data and the procedure for issuing the result. This estimation method was applied to the results of a series of experiments that determined the strategy for solving a series of similar problems with a growing number of initial data. These experiments were described in previously published papers. Two main strategies were considered: sequential execution of the computational algorithm, or the use of parallel computing in those tasks where it is effective. These strategies differ in how calculations are performed. Using an estimate of the complexity of schemes, you can use the empirical probability of one of the strategies to calculate the probability of the other. The calculations performed showed a good match between the calculated and empirical probabilities. This confirms the hypothesis about the spontaneous formation of structures that solve the problem during the initial training of a person. The paper contains a brief description of experiments, detailed computational schemes and a strict definition of the complexity measure of computational structures and the conclusion of the dependence of the probability of structure formation on its complexity.

The work is devoted to the structural analysis of complex technical systems. Mechanical structures are considered, the properties of which affect the behavior of products during assembly, repair and operation. The main source of data on parts and mechanical connections between them is a hypergraph. This model formalizes the multidimensional basing relation. The hypergraph correctly describes the connectivity and mutual coordination of parts, which is achieved during the assembly of the product. When developing complex products in CAD systems, an engineer often makes serious design mistakes: overbasing of parts and non-sequential assembly operations. Effective ways of identifying these structural defects have been proposed. It is shown that the property of independent assembly can be represented as a closure operator whose domain is the boolean of the set of product parts. The images of this operator are connected and coordinated subsets of parts that can be assembled independently. A lattice model is described, which is the state space of the product during assembly, disassembly and decomposition into assembly units. The lattice model serves as a source of various structural information about the project. Numerical estimates of the cardinality of the set of admissible alternatives in the problems of choosing an assembly sequence and decomposition into assembly units are proposed. For many technical operations (for example, control, testing, etc.), it is necessary to mount all the operand parts in one assembly unit. A simple formalization of the technical conditions requiring the inclusion (exclusion) of parts in the assembly unit (from the assembly unit) has been developed. A theorem that gives an mathematical description of product decomposition into assembly units in exact lattice terms is given. A method for numerical evaluation of the robustness of the mechanical structure of a complex technical system is proposed.

This work contains a description of the results of modeling the process of maintaining the readiness of a section of the road network under strikes of with specified parameters. A one-dimensional section of road up to 40 km long with a total number of strikes up to 100 during the work of the brigade is considered. A simulation model has been developed for carrying out work to maintain it in working condition by several groups (engineering teams) that are part of the engineering and road division. A multicopter-type unmanned aerial vehicle is used to search for the points of appearance of obstacles. Life cycle schemes of the main participants of the tactical scene have been developed and an event-driven model of the tactical scene has been built. The format of the event log generated as a result of simulation modeling of the process of maintaining a road section is proposed. To visualize the process of maintaining the readiness of a road section, it is proposed to use visualization in the cyclogram format.

An XSL style has been developed for building a cyclogram based on an event log. As an algorithm for making a decision on the assignment of barriers to brigades, the simplest algorithm has been adopted, prescribing choosing the nearest barrier. A criterion describing the effectiveness of maintenance work on the site based on the assessment of the average speed of vehicles on the road section is proposed. Graphs of the dependence of the criterion value and the root-meansquare error depending on the length of the maintained section are plotted and an estimate is obtained for the maximum length of the road section maintained in a state of readiness with specified values for the selected quality indicator with specified characteristics of striking and performance of repair crews. The expediency of carrying out work to maintain readiness by several brigades that are part of the engineering and road division operating autonomously is shown.

The influence of the speed of the unmanned aerial vehicle on the ability to maintain the readiness of the road section is analyzed. The speed range for from 10 to 70 km/h is considered, which corresponds to the technical capabilities of multicoptertype reconnaissance unmanned aerial vehicles. The simulation results can be used as part of a complex simulation model of an army offensive or defensive operation and for solving the problem of optimizing the assignment of tasks to maintain the readiness of road sections to engineering and road brigades. The proposed approach may be of interest for the development of military-oriented strategy games.

Protein-protein interactions are of central importance for virtually every process in living matter. Modeling the dynamics of protein association is crucial for understanding their functionality. This paper proposes novel simulation software ProKSim (Protein Kinetics Simulator) for modeling of protein interactions by means of the multi-particle Brownian Dynamics. Effect of long-range electrostatic interactions on the process of transient encounter complex formation is numerically estimated. Investigation of transient encounter complex formation was performed for three pairs of proteins: ferredoxin and ferredoxin:NADP⁺-redustase, plastocyanin and cytochrome f, barnase and barstar.

Use of algorithms based on neural networks can be inefficient for small amounts of experimental data. Authors consider a solution of this problem in the context of modelling of properties of ceramic composite materials reinforced with carbon nanotubes using perceptron complex. This approach allowed us to obtain a mathematical description of the object of study with a minimal amount of input data (the amount of necessary experimental samples decreased 2–3.3 times). Authors considered different versions of perceptron complex structures. They found that the most appropriate structure has perceptron complex with breakthrough of two input variables. The relative error was only 6%. The selected perceptron complex was shown to be effective for predicting the properties of ceramic composites. The relative errors for output components were 0.3%, 4.2%, 0.4%, 2.9%, and 11.8%.

The article presents an analytical-numerical method to simulate $p$-dimentional heat transfer processes on complex geometry domains when conventional methods are not applicable. The model is converted by the proposed method so that conventional numerical analysis methods is applied to the numerical research. The results of numerical experiments are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. The obtained results, other authors’ numerical results and exact analytical solutions, known for a class of problems, is compared.

The results of verification carried out for investigations of hydrodynamic effect on reentry conicalsegmental space vehicle are presented in the paper. The program complex Flow Vision is used for this analysis. The purpose of the study is verification of using Flow Vision program complex for problem solving mentioned above on the base of comparison between calculated and experimental data, obtained on the Apollo landing models and new development reentry spacecraft of manned transporting spaceship designed by RSC Energia. The comparison was carried out through the data of pressure values on spacecraft model surfaces during its water landing and inertia center motion parameters.

The results of study show good agreement between experimental and calculated data of force effects on vehicle construction during water landing and its motion parameters in the water medium. Computer simulation sufficiently well reproduces influence of initial velocities & water entry angles variations on water landing process.

Using of computer simulation provides simultaneous acquisition of all data information needed for investigation of water landing peculiarities during construction design, notably, hydrodynamic effects for structural strength calculations, parameters and dynamics of center mass motion and vehicle revolution around center mass for estimation water landing conditions, as well as vehicle stability after landing.

Obtained results confirm suitability of using Flow Vision program complex for water landing vehicle investigations and investigations of influence of different landing regimes through wide initial condition change range, that permits considerably decrease extent of expensive experimental tests and realize landing conditions which are sufficiently complicated for realizing in model physical experiments.