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The mathematical model of the magnetic memory cell MRAM with the in-plane anisotropy axis parallel to the edge of a free ferromagnetic layer (longitudinal anisotropy) has been constructed using approximation of uniform magnetization. The model is based on the Landau–Lifshits–Gilbert equation with the injection-current term in the Sloncžewski–Berger form. The set of ordinary differential equations for magnetization dynamics in a three-layered Co/Cu/Cu valve under the control of external magnetic field and spin-polarized current has been derived in the normal coordinate form. It was shown that the set of equations has two main stationary points on the anisotropy axis at any values of field and current. The stationary analysis of them has been performed. The algebraic equations for determination of additional stationary points have been derived. It has been shown that, depending on the field and current magnitude, the set of equations can have altogether two, four, or six stationary points symmetric in pairs relatively the anisotropy axis. The bifurcation diagrams for all the points have been constructed. The classification of the corresponding phase portraits has been performed. The typical trajectories were calculated numerically using Runge–Kutta method. The regions, where stable and unstable limit cycles exist, have been determined. It was found that the unstable limit cycles exist around the main stable equilibrium point on the axis that coincides with the anisotropy one, whereas the stable cycles surround the unstable additional points of equilibrium. The area of their existence was determined numerically. The new types of dynamics, such as accidental switching and non-complete switching, have been found. The threshold values of switching current and field have been obtained analytically. The estimations of switching times have been performed numerically.

The localization of a vehicle is an important task in the field of intelligent transportation systems. It is well known that sensor fusion helps to create more robust and accurate systems for autonomous vehicles. Standard approaches, like extended Kalman Filter or Particle Filter, are inefficient in case of highly non-linear data or have high computational cost, which complicates using them in embedded systems. Significant increase of precision, especially in case when GPS (Global Positioning System) is unavailable, may be achieved by using landmarks with known location — such as traffic signs, traffic lights, or SLAM (Simultaneous Localization and Mapping) features. However, this approach may be inapplicable if a priori locations are unknown or not accurate enough. We suggest a new approach for refining coordinates of a vehicle by using landmarks, such as traffic signs. Core part of the suggested system is the Bayesian framework, which refines vehicle location using external data about the previous traffic signs detections, collected with crowdsourcing. This paper presents an approach that combines trajectories built using global coordinates from GPS and relative coordinates from Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) to produce a vehicle's trajectory in an unknown environment. In addition, we collected a new dataset, including from smartphone GPS and IMU sensors, video feed from windshield camera, which were recorded during 4 car rides on the same route. Also, we collected precise location data from Real Time Kinematic Global Navigation Satellite System (RTK-GNSS) device, which can be used for validation. This RTK-GNSS system was used to collect precise data about the traffic signs locations on the route as well. The results show that the Bayesian approach helps with the trajectory correction and gives better estimations with the increase of the amount of the prior information. The suggested method is efficient and requires, apart from the GPS/IMU measurements, only information about the vehicle locations during previous traffic signs detections.

The simplest and most desirable method of traffic signal control is precalculated regulation, when the parameters of the traffic light object operation are calculated in advance and activated in accordance to a schedule. This work proposes a method of forming a signal plan that allows one to calculate the control programs and set the period of their activity. Preparation of initial data for the calculation includes the formation of a time series of daily traffic intensity with an interval of 15 minutes. When carrying out field studies, it is possible that part of the traffic intensity measurements is missing. To fill up the missing traffic intensity measurements, the spline interpolation method is used. The next step of the method is to calculate the daily set of signal plans. The work presents the interdependencies, which allow one to calculate the optimal durations of the control cycle and the permitting phase movement and to set the period of their activity. The present movement control systems have a limit on the number of control programs. To reduce the signal plans' number and to determine their activity period, the clusterization using the $k$-means method in the transport phase space is introduced In the new daily signal plan, the duration of the phases is determined by the coordinates of the received cluster centers, and the activity periods are set by the elements included in the cluster. Testing on a numerical illustration showed that, when the number of clusters is 10, the deviation of the optimal phase duration from the cluster centers does not exceed 2 seconds. To evaluate the effectiveness of the developed methodology, a real intersection with traffic light regulation was considered as an example. Based on field studies of traffic patterns and traffic demand, a microscopic model for the SUMO (Simulation of Urban Mobility) program was developed. The efficiency assessment is based on the transport losses estimated by the time spent on movement. Simulation modeling of the multiprogram control of traffic lights showed a 20% reduction in the delay time at the traffic light object in comparison with the single-program control. The proposed method allows automation of the process of calculating daily signal plans and setting the time of their activity.

The paper presents the results of numerical simulation of different-temperature water flows turbulent mixing in a T-junctions in the FlowVision software package. The article describes in detail an experimental stand specially designed to obtain boundary conditions that are simple for most computational fluid dynamics software systems. Values of timeaveraged temperatures and velocities in the control sensors and planes were obtained according to the test results. The article presents the system of partial differential equations used in the calculation describing the process of heat and mass transfer in a liquid using the Smagorinsky turbulence model. Boundary conditions are specified that allow setting the random velocity pulsations at the entrance to the computational domain. Distributions of time-averaged water velocity and temperature in control sections and sensors are obtained. The simulation is performed on various computational grids, for which the axes of the global coordinate system coincide with the directions of hot and cold water flows. The possibility for FlowVision PC to construct a computational grid in the simulation process based on changes in flow parameters is shown. The influence of such an algorithm for constructing a computational grid on the results of calculations is estimated. The results of calculations on a diagonal grid using a beveled scheme are given (the direction of the coordinate lines does not coincide with the direction of the tee pipes). The high efficiency of the beveled scheme is shown when modeling flows whose general direction does not coincide with the faces of the calculated cells. A comparison of simulation results on various computational grids is carried out. The numerical results obtained in the FlowVision PC are compared with experimental data and calculations performed using other computing programs. The results of modeling turbulent mixing of water flow of different temperatures in the FlowVision PC are closer to experimental data in comparison with calculations in CFX ANSYS. It is shown that the application of the LES turbulence model on relatively small computational grids in the FlowVision PC allows obtaining results with an error within 5%.

The work is devoted to the structural analysis of complex technical systems. Mechanical structures are considered, the properties of which affect the behavior of products during assembly, repair and operation. The main source of data on parts and mechanical connections between them is a hypergraph. This model formalizes the multidimensional basing relation. The hypergraph correctly describes the connectivity and mutual coordination of parts, which is achieved during the assembly of the product. When developing complex products in CAD systems, an engineer often makes serious design mistakes: overbasing of parts and non-sequential assembly operations. Effective ways of identifying these structural defects have been proposed. It is shown that the property of independent assembly can be represented as a closure operator whose domain is the boolean of the set of product parts. The images of this operator are connected and coordinated subsets of parts that can be assembled independently. A lattice model is described, which is the state space of the product during assembly, disassembly and decomposition into assembly units. The lattice model serves as a source of various structural information about the project. Numerical estimates of the cardinality of the set of admissible alternatives in the problems of choosing an assembly sequence and decomposition into assembly units are proposed. For many technical operations (for example, control, testing, etc.), it is necessary to mount all the operand parts in one assembly unit. A simple formalization of the technical conditions requiring the inclusion (exclusion) of parts in the assembly unit (from the assembly unit) has been developed. A theorem that gives an mathematical description of product decomposition into assembly units in exact lattice terms is given. A method for numerical evaluation of the robustness of the mechanical structure of a complex technical system is proposed.

As part of the paper, a physical and theoretical analysis of the impact processes of various factors of a highaltitude and high-energy nuclear explosion on the asteroid in extra-atmospheric conditions of open space is done. It is shown that, in accordance with the energy and permeability of the plasma of explosion products, X-ray and gamma-neutron radiation, a layered structure with a different energy density depending on angular coordinates is formed on the surface of the asteroid. The temporal patterns of the energy transformation for each layer is clarified and the roles of various photo- and collision processes are determined. The effect of a high-speed plasma flow is erosive in nature, and the plasma pulse is transmitted to the asteroid. The paper presents that in a thin layer of x-ray absorption, the asteroid substance is heated to high temperatures and as a result of its expansion, a recoil impulse is formed, which is not decisive due to the small mass of the expanding high-temperature plasma. Calculations shows that the main impulse received by an asteroid is associated with the entrainment of a heated layer of a substance formed by a neutron flux (7.5 E 10¹⁴ g E cm/s). It is shown that an asteroid with a radius of ~100 m acquires a velocity of . 100 cm/s. The calculations were performed taking into account the explosion energy spent on the destruction of the amorphous structure of the asteroid material (~1 eV/atom = 3.8 E 10¹⁰ erg/g) and ionization in the region of the high-temperature layer. Based on a similar analysis, an approximation is obtained for estimating the average size of fragments in the event of the possible destruction of the asteroid by shock waves generated inside it under the influence of pressure impulses. A physical experiment was conducted in laboratory conditions, simulating the fragmentation of a stone asteroid and confirming the validity of the obtained dependence on the selected values of certain parameters. As a result of numerical studies of the effects of the explosion, carried out at different distances from the surface of the asteroid, it is shown that taking into account the real geometry of the spallation layer gives the optimal height for the formation of the maximum asteroid momentum by a factor of 1.5 greater than similar estimates according to the simplified model. A two-stage concept of the impact of nuclear explosions on an asteroid using radar guidance tools is proposed. The paper analyzes the possible impact of the emerging ionization interference on the radar tracking of the movement of large fragments of the asteroid in the space-time evolution of all elements of the studied dynamic system.

Dynamic game theoretic models of the corporative innovative development are investigated. The proposed models are based on concordance of private and public interests of agents. It is supposed that the structure of interests of each agent includes both private (personal interests) and public (interests of the whole company connected with its innovative development first) components. The agents allocate their personal resources between these two directions. The system dynamics is described by a difference (not differential) equation. The proposed model of innovative development is studied by simulation and the method of enumeration of the domains of feasible controls with a constant step. The main contribution of the paper consists in comparative analysis of efficiency of the methods of hierarchical control (compulsion or impulsion) for information structures of Stackelberg or Germeier (four structures) by means of the indices of system compatibility. The proposed model is a universal one and can be used for a scientifically grounded support of the programs of innovative development of any economic firm. The features of a specific company are considered in the process of model identification (a determination of the specific classes of model functions and numerical values of its parameters) which forms a separate complex problem and requires an analysis of the statistical data and expert estimations. The following assumptions about information rules of the hierarchical game are accepted: all players use open-loop strategies; the leader chooses and reports to the followers some values of administrative (compulsion) or economic (impulsion) control variables which can be only functions of time (Stackelberg games) or depend also on the followers’ controls (Germeier games); given the leader’s strategies all followers simultaneously and independently choose their strategies that gives a Nash equilibrium in the followers’ game. For a finite number of iterations the proposed algorithm of simulation modeling allows to build an approximate solution of the model or to conclude that it doesn’t exist. A reliability and efficiency of the proposed algorithm follow from the properties of the scenario method and the method of a direct ordered enumeration with a constant step. Some comprehensive conclusions about the comparative efficiency of methods of hierarchical control of innovations are received.

Inhibitors of histone deacetylases (HDACi) have considered as a promising class of drugs for the treatment of cancers because of their effects on cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis. Angiogenesis play an important role in the growth of most solid tumors and the progression of metastasis. The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a key angiogenic agent, which is secreted by malignant tumors, which induces the proliferation and the migration of vascular endothelial cells. Currently, the most promising strategy in the fight against cancer is the creation of hybrid drugs that simultaneously act on several physiological targets. In this work, a series of hybrids bearing N-phenylquinazolin-4-amine and hydroxamic acid moieties were studied as dual VEGFR-2/HDAC inhibitors using simplex representation of the molecular structure and Support Vector Machine (SVM). The total sample of 42 compounds was divided into training and test sets. Five-fold cross-validation (5-fold) was used for internal validation. Satisfactory quantitative structure—activity relationship (QSAR) models were constructed (R²_test = 0.64–0.87) for inhibitors of HDAC, VEGFR-2 and human breast cancer cell line MCF-7. The interpretation of the obtained QSAR models was carried out. The coordinated effect of different molecular fragments on the increase of antitumor activity of the studied compounds was estimated. Among the substituents of the N-phenyl fragment, the positive contribution of para bromine for all three types of activity can be distinguished. The results of the interpretation were used for molecular design of potential dual VEGFR-2/HDAC inhibitors. For comparative QSAR research we used physicochemical descriptors calculated by the program HYBOT, the method of Random Forest (RF), and on-line version of the expert system OCHEM (https://ochem.eu). In the modeling of OCHEM PyDescriptor descriptors and extreme gradient boosting was chosen. In addition, the models obtained with the help of the expert system OCHEM were used for virtual screening of 300 compounds to select promising VEGFR-2/HDAC inhibitors for further synthesis and testing.

The paper provides a comparative analysis of the results obtained by various approaches to modeling the process of artillery shot. In this connection, the main problem of internal ballistics and its particular case of the Lagrange problem are formulated in averaged parameters, where, within the framework of the assumptions of the thermodynamic approach, the distribution of pressure and gas velocity over the projectile space for a channel of variable cross section is taken into account for the first time. The statement of the Lagrange problem is also presented in the framework of the gas-dynamic approach, taking into account the spatial (one-dimensional and two-dimensional axisymmetric) changes in the characteristics of the ballistic process. The control volume method is used to numerically solve the system of Euler gas-dynamic equations. Gas parameters at the boundaries of control volumes are determined using a selfsimilar solution to the Riemann problem. Based on the Godunov method, a modification of the Osher scheme is proposed, which allows to implement a numerical calculation algorithm with a second order of accuracy in coordinate and time. The solutions obtained in the framework of the thermodynamic and gas-dynamic approaches are compared for various loading parameters. The effect of projectile mass and chamber broadening on the distribution of the ballistic parameters of the shot and the dynamics of the projectile motion was studied. It is shown that the thermodynamic approach, in comparison with the gas-dynamic approach, leads to a systematic overestimation of the estimated muzzle velocity of the projectile in the entire range of parameters studied, while the difference in muzzle velocity can reach 35%. At the same time, the discrepancy between the results obtained in the framework of one-dimensional and two-dimensional gas-dynamic models of the shot in the same range of change in parameters is not more than 1.3%.

A spatial gas-dynamic formulation of the backpressure problem is given, which describes the change in pressure in front of an accelerating projectile as it moves along the barrel channel. It is shown that accounting the projectile’s front, considered in the two-dimensional axisymmetric formulation of the problem, leads to a significant difference in the pressure fields behind the front of the shock wave, compared with the solution in the framework of the onedimensional formulation of the problem, where the projectile’s front is not possible to account. It is concluded that this can significantly affect the results of modeling ballistics of a shot at high shooting velocities.

The work solves the problem of establishing the dependence of the potential for spatial selection of useful and interfering signals according to the signal-to-interference ratio criterion on the positioning error of user equipment during beamforming by their location at a base station, equipped with an antenna array. Configurable simulation parameters include planar antenna array with a different number of antenna elements, movement trajectory, as well as the accuracy of user equipment location estimation using root mean square error of coordinate estimates. The model implements three algorithms for controlling the shape of the antenna radiation pattern: 1) controlling the beam direction for one maximum and one zero; 2) controlling the shape and width of the main beam; 3) adaptive beamforming. The simulation results showed, that the first algorithm is most effective, when the number of antenna array elements is no more than 5 and the positioning error is no more than 7 m, and the second algorithm is appropriate to employ, when the number of antenna array elements is more than 15 and the positioning error is more than 5 m. Adaptive beamforming is implemented using a training signal and provides optimal spatial selection of useful and interfering signals without device location data, but is characterized by high complexity of hardware implementation. Scripts of the developed models are available for verification. The results obtained can be used in the development of scientifically based recommendations for beam control in ultra-dense millimeter-wave radio access networks of the fifth and subsequent generations.