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The problem of restoration of an element f of Euclidean functional space  L²(X) based on the results of measurements of a finite set of its linear functionals, distorted by (random) error is solved. A priori data aren't assumed. Family of linear subspaces of the maximum (effective) dimension for which the projections of element f to them allow estimates with a given accuracy, is received. The effective rank ρ(δ) of the estimation problem is defined as the function equal to the maximum dimension of an orthogonal component Pf of the element f which can be estimated with a error, which is not surpassed the value δ. The example of restoration of a spectrum of radiation based on a finite set of experimental data is given.

The paper describes a free software for research in the field of holomorphic dynamics based on the computational capabilities of the MATLAB environment. The software allows constructing not only single complex-valued mappings, but also their collectives as linearly connected, on a square or hexagonal lattice. In the first case, analogs of the Julia set (in the form of escaping points with color indication of the escape velocity), Fatou (with chaotic dynamics highlighting), and the Mandelbrot set generated by one of two free parameters are constructed. In the second case, only the dynamics of a cellular automaton with a complex-valued state of the cells and of all the coefficients in the local transition function is considered. The abstract nature of object-oriented programming makes it possible to combine both types of calculations within a single program that describes the iterated dynamics of one object.

The presented software provides a set of options for the field shape, initial conditions, neighborhood template, and boundary cells neighborhood features. The mapping display type can be specified by a regular expression for the MATLAB interpreter. This paper provides some UML diagrams, a short introduction to the user interface, and some examples.

The following cases are considered as example illustrations containing new scientific knowledge:

1) a linear fractional mapping in the form $Az^{n} +B/z^{n} $, for which the cases $n=2$, $4$, $n>1$, are known. In the portrait of the Fatou set, attention is drawn to the characteristic (for the classical quadratic mapping) figures of <>, showing short-period regimes, components of conventionally chaotic dynamics in the sea;

2) for the Mandelbrot set with a non-standard position of the parameter in the exponent $z(t+1)\Leftarrow z(t)^{\mu } $ sketch calculations reveal some jagged structures and point clouds resembling Cantor's dust, which are not Cantor's bouquets that are characteristic for exponential mapping. Further detailing of these objects with complex topology is required.

Simulation of turbulent compressible gas flows using turbulence models $k-\varepsilon$ standard (KES), $k-\varepsilon$ FlowVision (KEFV) and SST $k-\omega$ is discussed in the given article. A new version of turbulence model KEFV is presented. The results of its testing are shown. Numerical investigation of the discharge of an over-expanded jet from a conic nozzle into unlimited space is performed. The results are compared against experimental data. The dependence of the results on computational mesh is demonstrated. The dependence of the results on turbulence specified at the nozzle inlet is demonstrated. The conclusion is drawn about necessity to allow for compressibility in two-parametric turbulence models. The simple method proposed by Wilcox in 1994 suits well for this purpose. As a result, the range of applicability of the three aforementioned two-parametric turbulence models is essentially extended. Particular values of the constants responsible for the account of compressibility in the Wilcox approach are proposed. It is recommended to specify these values in simulations of compressible flows with use of models KES, KEFV, and SST.

In addition, the question how to obtain correct characteristics of supersonic turbulent flows using two-parametric turbulence models is considered. The calculations on different grids have shown that specifying a laminar flow at the inlet to the nozzle and wall functions at its surfaces, one obtains the laminar core of the flow up to the fifth Mach disk. In order to obtain correct flow characteristics, it is necessary either to specify two parameters characterizing turbulence of the inflowing gas, or to set a “starting” turbulence in a limited volume enveloping the region of presumable laminar-turbulent transition next to the exit from the nozzle. The latter possibility is implemented in model KEFV.

Verification results of supersonic turbulent jets computational characteristics are presented. Numerical simulation of axisymmetric nozzle operating is realized using FlowVision CFD. Open test cases for CFD are used. The test cases include Seiner tests with exit Mach number of 2.0 both fully-expanded and under-expanded $(P/P_0 = 1.47)$. Fully-expanded nozzle investigated with wide range of flow temperature (300…3000 K). The considered studies include simulation downstream from the nozzle exit diameter. Next numerical investigation is presented at an exit Mach number of 2.02 and a free-stream Mach number of 2.2. Geometric model of convergent- divergent nozzle rebuilt from original Putnam experiment. This study is set with nozzle pressure ratio of 8.12 and total temperature of 317 K.

The paper provides a comparison of obtained FlowVision results with experimental data and another current CFD studies. A comparison of the calculated characteristics and experimental data indicates a good agreement. The best coincidence with Seiner's experimental velocity distribution (about 7 % at far field for the first case) obtained using two-equation $k–\varepsilon$ standard turbulence model with Wilcox compressibility correction. Predicted Mach number distribution at $Y/D = 1$ for Putnam nozzle presents accuracy of 3 %.

General guidelines for simulation of supersonic turbulent jets in the FlowVision software are formulated in the given paper. Grid convergence determined the optimal cell rate. In order to calculate the design regime, it is recommended to build a grid, containing not less than 40 cells from the axis of symmetry to the nozzle wall. In order to calculate an off-design regime, it is necessary to resolve the shock waves. For this purpose, not less than 80 cells is required in the radial direction. Investigation of the influence of turbulence model on the flow characteristics has shown that the version of the SST $k–\omega$ turbulence model implemented in the FlowVision software essentially underpredicts the axial velocity. The standard $k–\varepsilon$ model without compressibility correction also underpredicts the axial velocity. These calculations agree well with calculations in other CFD codes using the standard $k–\varepsilon$ model. The in-home $k–\varepsilon$ turbulence model KEFV with compressibility correction a little bit overpredicts the axial velocity. Since, the best results are obtained using the standard $k–\varepsilon$ model combined with the Wilcox compressibility correction, this model is recommended for the problems discussed.

The developed methodology can be regarded as a basis for numerical investigations of more complex nozzle flows.

Reduction of the fire hazard of polymeric materials is one of the important scientific and technical problems. Since complexity of experimental procedures associated with flame spread, establishing reacting flows theoretical basics turned out to be crucial field of modern fundamental science. In order to determine parameters of flame spread over solid combustible materials numerical modelling methods have to be improved. Large amount of physical and chemical processes taking place needed to be resolved not just separately one by one but in connection with each other in gas and solid phases.

Upward flame spread over vertical solid combustible material is followed by unsteady eddy structures of gas flow in the vicinity of flame zone caused by thermal instability and natural convection forces accelerating hot combustion products. At every moment different amount of heat energy is transferred from hot gas-phase flame to solid material because of eddy flow structures. Therefore, satisfactory heat flux and eddy flow modelling are important to estimate flame spread rate.

In the current study we evaluated parameters of numerical method for flame spread over solid combustible material problem taking into account coupled nature of complex interaction between gas phase, solid material and eddy flow resulted from natural convection. We studied aspects of different approximation schemes used in differential equations integration process over space and time, of fields relaxation during iterations procedure carried out inside time step, of different time step values.

Mathematical model formulated allows to simulate flame spread over solid combustible material. Fluid dynamics is modeled by Navier – Stokes system of equations, eddy flow is described by combined turbulent model RANS–LES (DDES), turbulent combustion is resolved by modified turbulent combustion model Eddy Break-Up taking into account kinetic effects, radiation transfer is modeled by spherical harmonics method of first order approximation (P1). The equations presented are solved in OpenFOAM software.

An algorithm for solving the conjugation of aerodynamic and ballistic problems, which is based on the method of modeling with the help of a grid system, has been complemented by a numerical mechanism that allows to take into account the relative movement and rotation of bodies relative to their centers of mass. For a given configuration of the bodies a problem of flow is solved by relaxation method. After that the state of the system is recalculated after a short amount of time. With the use of iteration it is possible to trace the dynamics of the system over a large period of time. The algorithm is implemented for research of flight of systems of bodies taking into account their relative position and rotation. The algorithm was tested on the problem of flow around a body with segmental-conical form. A good correlation of the results with experimental studies was shown. The algorithm is used to calculate the problem of the supersonic fight of a rotating body. For bodies of rectangular shape, imitating elongated fragments of a meteoroid, it is shown that for elongated bodies the aerodynamically more stable position is flight with a larger area across the direction of flight. This de facto leads to flight of bodies with the greatest possible aerodynamic resistance due to the maximum midship area. The algorithm is used to calculate the flight apart of two identical bodies of a rectangular shape, taking into account their rotation. Rotation leads to the fact that the bodies fly apart not only under the action of the pushing aerodynamic force but also the additional lateral force due to the acquisition of the angle of attack. The velocity of flight apart of two fragments with elongated shape of a meteoric body increases to three times with the account of rotation in comparison with the case, when it is assumed that the bodies do not rotate. The study was carried out in order to evaluate the influence of various factors on the velocity of fragmentation of the meteoric body after destruction in order to construct possible trajectories of fallen on earth meteorites. A developed algorithm for solving the conjugation of aerodynamic and ballistic problems, taking into account the relative movement and rotation of the bodies, can be used to solve technical problems, for example, to study the dynamics of separation of aircraft stages.

The work is dedicated to investigation of possibility to increase the efficiency of solving external aerodynamic problems. Methodical questions of using locally-adaptive grids and wall functions for numerical simulation of turbulent flows past flying vehicles are studied. Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations are integrated. The equations are closed by standard $k–\varepsilon$ turbulence model. Subsonic turbulent flow of perfect compressible viscous gas past airfoil RAE 2822 is considered. Calculations are performed in CFD software FlowVision. The efficiency of using the technology of smoothing diffusion fluxes and the Bradshaw formula for turbulent viscosity is analyzed. These techniques are regarded as means of increasing the accuracy of solving aerodynamic problems on locally-adaptive grids. The obtained results show that using the technology of smoothing diffusion fluxes essentially decreases the discrepancy between computed and experimental values of the drag coefficient. In addition, the distribution of the skin friction coefficient over the curvilinear surface of the airfoil becomes more regular. These results indicate that the given technology is an effective way to increase the accuracy of calculations on locally-adaptive grids. The Bradshaw formula for the dynamic coefficient of turbulent viscosity is traditionally used in the SST $k–\omega$ turbulence model. The possibility to implement it in the standard $k–\varepsilon$ turbulence model is investigated in the present article. The calculations show that this formula provides good agreement of integral aerodynamic characteristics and the distribution of the pressure coefficient over the airfoil surface with experimental data. Besides that, it essentially augments the accuracy of simulation of the flow in the boundary layer and in the wake. On the other hand, using the Bradshaw formula in the simulation of the air flow past airfoil RAE 2822 leads to under-prediction of the skin friction coefficient. For this reason, the conclusion is made that practical use of the Bradshaw formula requires its preliminary validation and calibration on reliable experimental data available for the considered flows. The results of the work as a whole show that using the technologies discussed in numerical solution of external aerodynamic problems on locally-adaptive grids together with wall functions provides the computational accuracy acceptable for quick assessment of the aerodynamic characteristics of a flying vehicle. So, one can deduce that the FlowVision software is an effective tool for preliminary design studies, for conceptual design, and for aerodynamic shape optimization.

The paper presents the results of numerical simulation of different-temperature water flows turbulent mixing in a T-junctions in the FlowVision software package. The article describes in detail an experimental stand specially designed to obtain boundary conditions that are simple for most computational fluid dynamics software systems. Values of timeaveraged temperatures and velocities in the control sensors and planes were obtained according to the test results. The article presents the system of partial differential equations used in the calculation describing the process of heat and mass transfer in a liquid using the Smagorinsky turbulence model. Boundary conditions are specified that allow setting the random velocity pulsations at the entrance to the computational domain. Distributions of time-averaged water velocity and temperature in control sections and sensors are obtained. The simulation is performed on various computational grids, for which the axes of the global coordinate system coincide with the directions of hot and cold water flows. The possibility for FlowVision PC to construct a computational grid in the simulation process based on changes in flow parameters is shown. The influence of such an algorithm for constructing a computational grid on the results of calculations is estimated. The results of calculations on a diagonal grid using a beveled scheme are given (the direction of the coordinate lines does not coincide with the direction of the tee pipes). The high efficiency of the beveled scheme is shown when modeling flows whose general direction does not coincide with the faces of the calculated cells. A comparison of simulation results on various computational grids is carried out. The numerical results obtained in the FlowVision PC are compared with experimental data and calculations performed using other computing programs. The results of modeling turbulent mixing of water flow of different temperatures in the FlowVision PC are closer to experimental data in comparison with calculations in CFX ANSYS. It is shown that the application of the LES turbulence model on relatively small computational grids in the FlowVision PC allows obtaining results with an error within 5%.

The features of the component circuits method (MCC) in modeling chemical-technological systems (CTS) are considered, taking into account its practical significance. The software and algorithmic implementation of which is currently a set of computer modeling programs MARS (Modeling and Automatic Research of Systems). MARS allows the development and analysis of mathematical models with specified experimental parameters. Research and calculations were carried out using a specialized software and hardware complex MARS, which allows the development of mathematical models with specified experimental parameters. In the course of this work, the model of a perfect-mixing reactor was developed in the MARS modeling environment taking into account the physicochemical features of the uranium extraction process in the presence of nitric acid and tributyl phosphate. As results, the curves of changes of the concentration of uranium extracted into the organic phase are presented. The possibility of using MCC for the description and analysis of CTS, including extraction processes, has been confirmed. The use of the obtained results is planned to be used in the development of a virtual laboratory, which will include the main apparatus of the chemical industry, as well as complex technical controlled systems (CTСS) based on them and will allow one to acquire a wide range of professional competencies in working with “digital twins” of real control objects, including gaining initial experience working with the main equipment of the nuclear industry. In addition to the direct applied benefits, it is also assumed that the successful implementation of the domestic complex of computer modeling programs and technologies based on the obtained results will make it possible to find solutions to the problems of organizing national technological sovereignty and import substitution.

In this paper we present a mathematical model and numerical results on a propagation of the combustion front of the SHS compound, where the rate of chemical reaction at each point of the SHS sample is determined by solving the problem of diffusion and chemical reaction in the reaction cell. We obtained the dependence of the combustion front on the size of the average element of a heterogeneous structure with different values of the diffusion intensity. These dependences agree qualitatively with the experimental data. We studied the effect of activation energy for diffusion on the propagation velocity of combustion front. It is revealed the propagation of the combustion front transforms to an oscillatory regime at increase in activation energy of diffusion. A transition boundary of the combustion front propagation from the steady-state regime to the oscillatory one is defined.