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The paper analyzes the methods of studying the process of interaction of soil environments with the tillage tools of soil processing machines. The mathematical methods of numerical modeling are considered in detail, which make it possible to overcome the disadvantages of analytical and empirical approaches. A classification and overview of the possibilities the continuous (FEM — finite element method, CFD — computational fluid dynamics) and discrete (DEM — discrete element method, SPH — hydrodynamics of smoothed particles) numerical methods is presented. Based on the discrete element method, a mathematical model has been developed that represents the soil in the form of a set of interacting small spherical elements. The working surfaces of the tillage tool are presented in the framework of the finite element approximation in the form of a combination of many elementary triangles. The model calculates the movement of soil elements under the action of contact forces of soil elements with each other and with the working surfaces of the tillage tool (elastic forces, dry and viscous friction forces). This makes it possible to assess the influence of the geometric parameters of the tillage tools, technological parameters of the process and soil parameters on the geometric indicators of soil displacement, indicators of the self-installation of tools, power loads, quality indicators of loosening and spatial distribution of indicators. A total of 22 indicators were investigated (or the distribution of the indicator in space). This makes it possible to reproduce changes in the state of the system of elements of the soil (soil cultivation process) and determine the total mechanical effect of the elements on the moving tillage tools of the implement. A demonstration of the capabilities of the mathematical model is given by the example of a study of soil cultivation with a disk cultivator battery. In the computer experiment, a virtual soil channel of 5×1.4 m in size and a 3D model of a disk cultivator battery were used. The radius of the soil particles was taken to be 18 mm, the speed of the tillage tool was 1 m/s, the total simulation time was 5 s. The processing depth was 10 cm at angles of attack of 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30°. The verification of the reliability of the simulation results was carried out on a laboratory stand for volumetric dynamometry by examining a full-scale sample, made in full accordance with the investigated 3D-model. The control was carried out according to three components of the traction resistance vector: $F_x$, $F_y$ and $F_z$. Comparison of the data obtained experimentally with the simulation data showed that the discrepancy is not more than 22.2%, while in all cases the maximum discrepancy was observed at angles of attack of the disk battery of 30°. Good consistency of data on three key power parameters confirms the reliability of the whole complex of studied indicators.

The paper reviews possibilities to predict buckling of thin cylindrical shells with non-destructive techniques during operation. It studies shallow shells made of high strength materials. Such structures are known for surface displacements exceeding the thickness of the elements. In the explored shells relaxation oscillations of significant amplitude can be generated even under relatively low internal stresses. The problem of the cylindrical shell oscillation is mechanically and mathematically modeled in a simplified form by conversion into an ordinary differential equation. To create the model, the researches of many authors were used who studied the geometry of the surface formed after buckling (postbuckling behavior). The nonlinear ordinary differential equation for the oscillating shell matches the well-known Duffing equation. It is important that there is a small parameter before the second time derivative in the Duffing equation. The latter circumstance enables making a detailed analysis of the obtained equation and describing the physical phenomena — relaxation oscillations — that are unique to thin high-strength shells.

It is shown that harmonic oscillations of the shell around the equilibrium position and stable relaxation oscillations are defined by the bifurcation point of the solutions to the Duffing equation. This is the first point in the Feigenbaum sequence to convert the stable periodic motions into dynamic chaos. The amplitude and the period of relaxation oscillations are calculated based on the physical properties and the level of internal stresses within the shell. Two cases of loading are reviewed: compression along generating elements and external pressure.

It is highlighted that if external forces vary in time according to the harmonic law, the periodic oscillation of the shell (nonlinear resonance) is a combination of slow and stick-slip movements. Since the amplitude and the frequency of the oscillations are known, this fact enables proposing an experimental facility for prediction of the shell buckling with non-destructive techniques. The following requirement is set as a safety factor: maximum load combinations must not cause displacements exceeding specified limits. Based on the results of the experimental measurements a formula is obtained to estimate safety against buckling (safety factor) of the structure.

The study of elastic waves in porous media is relevant for mineral exploration, the use of porous screens for shock wave damping, and the study of the structure of the earth’s crust. The elastic properties of a porous medium, which can be judged by the propagation velocity of various types of waves, depend on the degree of consolidation of the porous medium. For example, bulk media (sand, glass beads, granular materials) have a low sound velocity (about 100 m/s); compaction of such media is accompanied by a slight increase in velocity, while their consolidation (sandstone, gas hydrate cementation) leads to a multiple increase in the acoustic wave velocity, on the order of 2000–3000 m/s. This paper theoretically investigates the dynamics of a wave pulse in a shock tube containing a layer of a bulk medium. Numerical modeling was performed under experimental conditions. A description of a shock tube experimental setup is provided. The setup consists of a high-pressure volume (HPV), a low-pressure volume (LPV), and a bulk medium section. A shock wave pulse (SWP) is generated by the rupture of a diaphragm between the HPV and LPV. The SWP dynamics are recorded by piezoelectric sensors located flush on the inside of the tube. In the shock tube, equipped with a bulk medium section, the wave experiences multiple reflections from the surface of the porous medium under study and the upper end of the tube. The reflected signals are used as probe pulses to study changes in the porous medium caused by repeated passages of the shock wave pulse, with a period of approximately 10 ms. A mathematical model is used that includes the equations of conservation of mass, momentum, and energy for the gas phase and solid particles with closure relations. The process is described for one-dimensional planar motion of the gas and dispersed phases. The numerical solution utilizes an approximation of the equations based on the control volume method. Numerical results have shown that the proposed model accurately describes, qualitatively and quantitatively, the occurrence of a sharp, short-term increase in the total voltage (peak) during repeated pulse passage through a layer of bulk material, as observed in experiments.

Aberrant alternative splicing of the CD44 gene drives colorectal cancer progression and facilitates the emergence of cancer stem cells. Although biomedical research recognizes this transmembrane glycoprotein as a major catalyst of malignancy, deciphering its multi-isoform regulatory networks remains a complex analytical challenge. To address this knowledge gap, this study presents a machine learning framework designed to decode these biological mechanisms. The author constructed a neural network regressor based on beta regression to model bounded isoform proportions. This computational architecture jointly estimates both the mean and the precision parameters of the underlying probability distribution. Furthermore, the system employs elastic net regularization to perform quantitative feature selection from highdimensional molecular expression data.

The investigation evaluates the proposed framework using gene expression profiles from colorectal cancer patients. The primary objective involves identifying specific ribonucleic acid-binding proteins acting as regulatory splicing factors. The experimental design contrasts two distinct mathematical modeling strategies. The first configuration incorporates an independent ”one-vs-all” approach that treats each transcript variant as an isolated regression target. The second formulation utilizes a structured ”isoform tree” method that directly mirrors hierarchical exon inclusion relationships. Validation experiments on synthetically generated datasets confirmed the mathematical integrity of the network. The model recovered true distribution parameters with precision and exhibited no systematic bias. Comprehensive empirical comparisons subsequently demonstrated that the independent ”one-vs-all” layout consistently outperforms the hierarchical tree configuration in predictive stability and accuracy.

The computational analysis maps the regulatory landscape of the CD44 gene. The framework validates several established splicing factors while uncovering new candidate proteins, including ACO1, NUDT21, and AGO2. Based on these statistical associations, the paper introduces a biological hypothesis. This concept functionally connects intracellular iron metabolism via the ACO1 protein with the shifting balance of CD44 variants. These discoveries provide deeper insights into oncogenic splicing regulation. Ultimately, they highlight molecular targets for future therapeutic interventions aimed at suppressing the cancer stem cell phenotype.

In the present paper the application of the kinetic methods to the blood flow problems in elastic vessels is studied. The Lattice Boltzmann (LB) kinetic equation is applied. This model describes the discretized in space and time dynamics of particles traveling in a one-dimensional Cartesian lattice. At the limit of the small times between collisions LB models describe hydrodynamic equations which are equivalent to the Navier – Stokes for compressible if the considered flow is slow (small Mach number). If one formally changes in the resulting hydrodynamic equations the variables corresponding to density and sound wave velocity by luminal area and pulse wave velocity then a well-known 1D equations for the blood flow motion in elastic vessels are obtained for a particular case of constant pulse wave speed.

In reality the pulse wave velocity is a function of luminal area. Here an interesting analogy is observed: the equation of state (which defines sound wave velocity) becomes pressure-area relation. Thus, a generalization of the equation of state is needed. This procedure popular in the modeling of non-ideal gas and is performed using an introduction of a virtual force. This allows to model arbitrary pressure-area dependence in the resulting hemodynamic equations.

Two test case problems are considered. In the first problem a propagation of a sole nonlinear pulse wave is studied in the case of the Laplace pressure-area response. In the second problem the pulse wave dynamics is considered for a vessel bifurcation. The results show good precision in comparison with the data from literature.

In this paper, we address the mathematical modeling of robots based on tensegrity structures. The pivotal property of such structures is the forming elements working only for compression or tension, which allows the use of materials and structural solutions that minimize the weight of the structure while maintaining its strength.

Tensegrity structures hold several properties important for collaborative robotics, exploration and motion tasks in non-deterministic environments: natural compliance, compactness for transportation, low weight with significant impact resistance and rigidity. The control of such structures remains an open research problem, which is associated with the complexity of describing the dynamics of such structures.

We formulate an approach for describing the dynamics of such structures, based on second-order dynamics of the Cartesian coordinates of structure elements (rods), first-order dynamics for angular velocities of rods, and first-order dynamics for quaternions that are used to describe the orientation of rods. We propose a numerical method for solving these dynamic equations. The proposed methods are implemented in the form of a freely distributed mathematical package with open source code.

Further, we show how the provided software package can be used for modeling the dynamics and determining the operating modes of tensegrity structures. We present an example of a tensegrity structure moving in zero gravity with three rigid rods and nine elastic elements working in tension (cables), showing the features of the dynamics of the structure in reaching the equilibrium position. The range of initial conditions for which the structure operates in the normal mode is determined. The results can be directly used to analyze the nature of passive dynamic movements of the robots based on a three-link tensegrity structure, considered in the paper; the proposed modeling methods and the developed software are suitable for modeling a significant variety of tensegrity robots.

New Asynchronous Differential Evolution algorithm is used to determine the parameters of microscopic optical potential of elastic pion scattering on ²⁸Si, ⁵⁸Ni and ²⁰⁸Pb nuclei at energy 130, 162 and 180 MeV.

In this paper, we proposed a two-dimensional chemo-mechanical model of the growth of invasive carcinoma in epithelial tissue. Each cell is modeled by an elastic polygon, changing its shape and size under the influence of pressure forces acting from the tissue. The average size and shape of the cells have been calibrated on the basis of experimental data. The model allows to describe the dynamic deformations in epithelial tissue as a collective evolution of cells interacting through the exchange of mechanical and chemical signals. The general direction of tumor growth is controlled by a pre-established linear gradient of nutrient concentration. Growth and deformation of the tissue occurs due to the mechanisms of cell division and intercalation. We assume that carcinoma has a heterogeneous structure made up of cells of different phenotypes that perform various functions in the tumor. The main parameter that determines the phenotype of a cell is the degree of its adhesion to the adjacent cells. Three main phenotypes of cancer cells are distinguished: the epithelial (E) phenotype is represented by internal tumor cells, the mesenchymal (M) phenotype is represented by single cells and the intermediate phenotype is represented by the frontal tumor cells. We assume also that the phenotype of each cell under certain conditions can change dynamically due to epithelial-mesenchymal (EM) and inverse (ME) transitions. As for normal cells, we define the main E-phenotype, which is represented by ordinary cells with strong adhesion to each other. In addition, the normal cells that are adjacent to the tumor undergo a forced EM-transition and form an M-phenotype of healthy cells. Numerical simulations have shown that, depending on the values of the control parameters as well as a combination of possible phenotypes of healthy and cancer cells, the evolution of the tumor can result in a variety of cancer structures reflecting the self-organization of tumor cells of different phenotypes. We compare the structures obtained numerically with the morphological structures revealed in clinical studies of breast carcinoma: trabecular, solid, tubular, alveolar and discrete tumor structures with ameboid migration. The possible scenario of morphogenesis for each structure is discussed. We describe also the metastatic process during which a single cancer cell of ameboid phenotype moves due to intercalation in healthy epithelial tissue, then divides and undergoes a ME transition with the appearance of a secondary tumor.

It is known that the sound speed in medium that contain highly compressible inclusions, e.g. air pores in an elastic medium or gas bubbles in the liquid may be significantly reduced compared to a homogeneous medium. Effective nonlinear parameter of medium, describing the manifestation of nonlinear effects, increases hundreds and thousands of times because of the large differences in the compressibility of the inclusions and the medium. Spatial change in the concentration of such inclusions leads to the variable local sound speed, which in turn calls the spatial-temporal redistribution of acoustic energy in the wave and the distortion of its temporal profiles and cross-section structure of bounded beams. In particular, focal areas can form. Under certain conditions, the sound channel is formed that provides waveguide propagation of acoustic signals in the medium with similar inclusions. Thus, it is possible to control spatial-temporal structure of acoustic waves with the introduction of highly compressible inclusions with a given spatial distribution and concentration. The aim of this work is to study the propagation of acoustic waves in a rubberlike material with non-uniform spatial air cavities. The main objective is the development of an adequate theory of such structurally inhomogeneous media, theory of propagation of nonlinear acoustic waves and beams in these media, the calculation of the acoustic fields and identify the communication parameters of the medium and inclusions with characteristics of propagating waves. In the work the evolutionary self-consistent equation with integro-differential term is obtained describing in the low-frequency approximation propagation of intense acoustic beams in a medium with highly compressible cavities. In this equation the secondary acoustic field is taken into account caused by the dynamics of the cavities oscillations. The method is developed to obtain exact analytical solutions for nonlinear acoustic field of the beam on its axis and to calculate the field in the focal areas. The obtained results are applied to theoretical modeling of a material with non-uniform distribution of strongly compressible inclusions.

A proposed approximate model of the rolling of a deforming wheel with a pneumatic tire allows one to account as well forces in tires as the effect of the dry friction on the stability of the rolling upon the shimmy phenomenon prognosis. The model os based on the theory of the dry friction with combined kinematics of relative motion of interacting bodies, i. e. under the condition of simultaneous rolling, sliding, and spinning with accounting for the real shape of a contact spot and contact pressure distribution. The resultant vector and couple of the forces generated by the contact interaction with dry friction are defined by integration over the contact area, whereas the static contact pressure under the conditions of vanishing velocity of sliding and angular velocity of spinning is computed after the finite-element solution for the statical contact of a pneumatic with a rigid road with accounting forreal internal structure and properties of a tire. The solid finite element model of a typical tire with longitudinal thread is used below as a background. Given constant boost pressure, vertical load and static friction factor 0.5 the numerical solution is constructed, as well as the appropriate solutions for lateral and torsional kinematic loading. It is shown that the contact interaction of a pneumatic tire and an absolutely rigid road could be represented without crucial loss of accuracy as two typical stages, the adhesion and the slip; the contact area shape remains nevertheless close to a circle. The approximate diagrams are constructed for both lateral force and friction torque; on the initial stage the diagrams are linear so that corresponds to the elastic deformation of a tire while on the second stage both force and torque values are constant and correspond to the dry friction force and torque. For the last stages the approximate formulae for the longitudinal and lateral friction force and the friction torque are constructed on the background of the theory of the dry friction with combined kinematics. The obtained model can be treated as a combination of the Keldysh model of elastic wheel with no slip and spin and the Klimov rigid wheel model interacting with a road by dry friction forces.