All issues

Fluorescent imaging data are currently widely used in neuroscience and other fields. Genetically encoded sensors, based on fluorescent proteins, provide a wide inventory enabling scientiests to image virtually any process in a living cell and extracellular environment. However, especially due to the need for fast scanning, miniaturization, etc, the imaging data can be severly corrupred with multiplicative heteroscedactic noise, reflecting stochastic nature of photon emission and photomultiplier detectors. Deep learning architectures demonstrate outstanding performance in image segmentation and denoising, however they can require large clean datasets for training, and the actual data transformation is not evident from the network architecture and weight composition. On the other hand, some classical data transforms can provide for similar performance in combination with more clear insight in why and how it works. Here we propose an algorithm for denoising fluorescent dynamical imaging data, which is based on multilinear higher-order singular value decomposition (HOSVD) with optional truncation in rank along each axis and thresholding of the tensor of decomposition coefficients. In parallel, we propose a convenient paradigm for validation of the algorithm performance, based on simulated flurescent data, resulting from biophysical modeling of calcium dynamics in spatially resolved realistic 3D astrocyte templates. This paradigm is convenient in that it allows to vary noise level and its resemblance of the Gaussian noise and that it provides ground truth fluorescent signal that can be used to validate denoising algorithms. The proposed denoising method employs truncated HOSVD twice: first, narrow 3D patches, spanning the whole recording, are processed (local 3D-HOSVD stage), second, 4D groups of 3D patches are collaboratively processed (non-local, 4D-HOSVD stage). The effect of the first pass is twofold: first, a significant part of noise is removed at this stage, second, noise distribution is transformed to be more Gaussian-like due to linear combination of multiple samples in the singular vectors. The effect of the second stage is to further improve SNR. We perform parameter tuning of the second stage to find optimal parameter combination for denoising.

Comparative analysis of two numerical methods for simulation of unsteady natural convection and thermal surface radiation within a differentially heated cubical cavity has been carried out. The considered domain of interest had two isothermal opposite vertical faces, while other walls are adiabatic. The walls surfaces were diffuse and gray, namely, their directional spectral emissivity and absorptance do not depend on direction or wavelength but can depend on surface temperature. For the reflected radiation we had two approaches such as: 1) the reflected radiation is diffuse, namely, an intensity of the reflected radiation in any point of the surface is uniform for all directions; 2) the reflected radiation is uniform for each surface of the considered enclosure. Mathematical models formulated both in primitive variables “velocity–pressure” and in transformed variables “vector potential functions – vorticity vector” have been performed numerically using finite volume method and finite difference methods, respectively. It should be noted that radiative heat transfer has been analyzed using the net-radiation method in Poljak approach.

Using primitive variables and finite volume method for the considered boundary-value problem we applied power-law for an approximation of convective terms and central differences for an approximation of diffusive terms. The difference motion and energy equations have been solved using iterative method of alternating directions. Definition of the pressure field associated with velocity field has been performed using SIMPLE procedure.

Using transformed variables and finite difference method for the considered boundary-value problem we applied monotonic Samarsky scheme for convective terms and central differences for diffusive terms. Parabolic equations have been solved using locally one-dimensional Samarsky scheme. Discretization of elliptic equations for vector potential functions has been conducted using symmetric approximation of the second-order derivatives. Obtained difference equation has been solved by successive over-relaxation method. Optimal value of the relaxation parameter has been found on the basis of computational experiments.

As a result we have found the similar distributions of velocity and temperature in the case of these two approaches for different values of Rayleigh number, that illustrates an operability of the used techniques. The efficiency of transformed variables with finite difference method for unsteady problems has been shown.

This paper is devoted to the application of the method of numerical solution of the Boltzmann equation for the solution of the problem of modeling the behavior of radionuclides in the cavity of the interelectric gap of a multielement electrogenerating channel. The analysis of gas-kinetic processes of thermionic converters is important for proving the design of the power-generating channel. The paper reviews two constructive schemes of the channel: with one- and two-way withdrawal of gaseous fission products into a vacuum-cesium system. The analysis uses a two-dimensional transport equation of the second-order accuracy for the solution of the left-hand side and the projection method for solving the right-hand side — the collision integral. In the course of the work, a software package was implemented that makes it possible to calculate on the cluster architecture by using the algorithm of parallelizing the left-hand side of the equation; the paper contains the results of the analysis of the dependence of the calculation efficiency on the number of parallel nodes. The paper contains calculations of data on the distribution of pressures of gaseous fission products in the gap cavity, calculations use various sets of initial pressures and flows; the dependency of the radionuclide pressure in the collector region was determined as a function of cesium pressures at the ends of the gap. The tests in the loop channel of a nuclear reactor confirm the obtained results.

Mathematical simulation of natural convection and surface radiation in a square air enclosure having isothermal vertical walls with a local heat source of constant temperature has been carried out. Mathematical model has been formulated on the basis of the dimensionless variables such as stream function, vorticity and temperature by using the Boussinesq approximation and diathermancy of air. Distributions of streamlines and isotherms reflecting an effect of Rayleigh number $ 10^3 \leqslant Ra \leqslant 10^6 $, surface emissivity $0 \leqslant ε < 1$, ratio between the length of heat source and the size of enclosure $0.2 \leqslant l/L \leqslant 0.6$ and dimensionless time $0 \leqslant τ \leqslant 100$ on fluid flow and heat transfer have been obtained. Correlations for the average heat transfer coefficient in dependence on $Ra$, $ε$ and $l/L$ have been ascertained.

It is discussed peculiarities of forming gas temperature fields in gas turbine engine low emission combustors. It is shown the influence of burn-up rate on combustor outlet temperature and proposed recommendation for design the dilution system for the combustor.

Non-destructive acoustic emission testing is an effective and cost-efficient way to examine pressure vessels for hidden defects (cracks, laminations etc.), as well as the only method that is sensitive to developing defects. The sound velocity in the test object and its adequate definition in the location scheme are of paramount importance for the accurate detection of the acoustic emission source. The acoustic emission data processing method proposed herein comprises a set of numerical methods and allows defining the source coordinates and the most probable velocity for each signal. The method includes pre-filtering of data by amplitude, by time differences, elimination of electromagnetic interference. Further, a set of numerical methods is applied to them to solve the system of nonlinear equations, in particular, the Newton – Kantorovich method and the general iterative process. The velocity of a signal from one source is assumed as a constant in all directions. As the initial approximation is taken the center of gravity of the triangle formed by the first three sensors that registered the signal. The method developed has an important practical application, and the paper provides an example of its approbation in the calibration of an acoustic emission system at a production facility (hydrocarbon gas purification absorber). Criteria for prefiltering of data are described. The obtained locations are in good agreement with the signal generation sources, and the velocities even reflect the Rayleigh-Lamb division of acoustic waves due to the different signal source distances from the sensors. The article contains the dependency graph of the average signal velocity against the distance from its source to the nearest sensor. The main advantage of the method developed is its ability to detect the location of different velocity signals within a single test. This allows to increase the degree of freedom in the calculations, and thereby increase their accuracy.

The approach given in this work helps to organize the operative control over action intensity of pollution emissions in atmosphere. The approach allows to sequential estimate of unknown intensity of atmospheric pollution source on the base of concentration measurements of impurity in several stationary control points is offered in the work. The inverse problem was solved by means of the step-by-step regularization and the sequential function specification method. The solution is presented in the form of the digital filter in terms of Hamming. The fitting algorithm of regularization parameter r for function specification method is described.

The present article sets out the scientific approach of Dmitry Sergeevich Chernavskii to the modelling of economic processes. It recounts the history of works of Dmitry Sergeyevich on the economic front, its milestones and achievements. One of the most important advances in the economic analysis was the prediction by a team of scientists headed by D. S. Chernavskii, the major crises that have occurred in our country over the last 20 years, namely, the default of 1998, the crisis of industrial production in the second half of the 2000s, the 2008 crisis and the ensuing recession. As an example, the dynamic analysis of the global macroeconomic processes shows the model of functioning of the dollar as the world currency. On this particular example shows the possibility of seigniorage due to the issue of the dollar and the calculated “window of opportunity” that allows you to issue dollars as the global currency, without prejudice to its own economy.

A model for the development of a closed society (without external economic relations) in the one-product approach is considered as an example of dynamic analysis of the economy of a separate state. The model is based on the principles of market economy, i.e. the dynamics of prices is determined by the balance of supply and demand. It is shown that in the general case, the state of market equilibrium is not unique. Several steady states with different levels of production and consumption are possible. Effect of addressed emission of money in underproductive state is considered. It is shown that, depending on its size it can lead to the transition to a highly productive condition, and just cause inflation without transition. The relationship of these results with the “Keynesian” and “monetarist” approaches is discussed.

In this paper, we consider the interaction of a kink of the $\varphi^4$ equation with two identical extended impurities. An extended impurity is described using a rectangular function. The case of an attractive impurity is analyzed. Using analytical methods, we consider the case of small amplitudes of localized waves, when it is possible to linearize the equations of motion. For the numerical solution, the method of lines for partial differential equations was used. To find the oscillation frequencies of waves localized on impurities, the discrete Fourier transform is used. The kink was launched in the direction of the impurities with different initial velocities. The distance between the two impurities was also varied. It is shown that when a kink interacts with impurities, long-lived localized breather-type waves are excited on them. Their structure and coupled dynamics are investigated. It is determined how, by changing the parameters of the impurities and the distance between them, it is possible to control the type and dynamic parameters of the coupled oscillations of the waves localized on the impurities. Possible solutions in the form of in-phase, antiphase oscillations, in the form of beats are found. The oscillations of localized waves occur with the emission of small-amplitude waves. The spectrum of these emissions consists of two frequencies. The first is approximately equal to $\sqrt{2}$, which corresponds to the frequency value for the wobbling breather tail of the $\varphi^4$ equation. The second is approximately equal to the doubled frequency of impurity mode oscillations. The presence of two possible frequencies for coupled localized oscillations is found both analytically and numerically. It is shown that the frequencies strongly depend on the distance between impurities. With increasing distance between impurities, the frequencies merge into one — frequency obtained for the case of a single impurity. The dependences of the frequencies on the distance between impurities found numerically and analytically coincide well for large distances, when the interaction between impurities is weak, and begin to differ noticeably at small distances, when the interaction between impurities is strong. The analytical value of the obtained frequencies is always greater than the numerical ones. It is shown that the dependence of the amplitude of localized waves on the initial kink velocity has several minima and maxima.

Safe carrying out of emergency recovery operations at emergency offshore gas condensate wells is possible when taking into account the hazardous factors that prevent anti-fontanning measures. One of such factors is the gassiness of the operation zone due to the release from the water column of a large amount of light, as compared to air, natural gas, as well as vapours of heavier components of gas condensate. To estimate the distribution of explosive concentration of petroleum product vapours in the near surface layer of the atmosphere, it is necessary to determine the characteristics of the source of the contamination. Based on the analysis of theoretical works concerning to the formation of the velocity field in the upper layer of the sea as a result of large amounts of gas coming to the surface, an analytical model is proposed to calculate the size of the area in which a significant amount of gas condensate coming to the surface is vaporised during accidents at shallow-water wells. The stationary regime of reservoir fluid flow during fountaining of offshore gas and oil wells with an underwater location of their mouths is considered. A low-parametric model of oil product evaporation from films of different thickness is constructed. It is shown that the size of the zone of intensive evaporation at shallow-water wells is determined by the volume flow of liquid fraction, its fractional composition and selected threshold for estimation of oil product vapour flow into the atmosphere. In the context of this work shallow water wells are wells with gas flow rate from 1 to 20 million cubic meters at sea depths of about 50–200 metres. In this case, the formation fluid jet from the wellhead on the seabed is transformed into a bubble plume, the stratification of the water column, typical for the summer-autumn period, does not limit the plume’s exit to the sea surface, and the velocity of bubble rise allows the gas dissolution process to be disregardded. The analysis was limited to almost calm hydrometeorological conditions. Such conditions are favourable for offshore operations, but unfavourable from the point of view of dispersion of high concentrations of oil product vapours in the near surface layer of the atmosphere. As a result of this work, an analytical dependence for an approximate assessment of the zone of intensive evaporation of gas condensate is proposed.