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Corrosion damage to metals and alloys is one of the main problems of strength and durability of metal structures and products operated in contact with chemically aggressive environments. Recently, there has been a growing interest in computer modeling of the evolution of corrosion damage, especially pitting corrosion, for a deeper understanding of the corrosion process, its impact on the morphology, physical and chemical properties of the surface and mechanical strength of the material. This is mainly due to the complexity of analytical and high cost of experimental in situ studies of real corrosion processes. However, the computing power of modern computers allows you to calculate corrosion with high accuracy only on relatively small areas of the surface. Therefore, the development of new mathematical models that allow calculating large areas for predicting the evolution of corrosion damage to metals is currently an urgent problem.

In this paper, the evolution of the corrosion front in the interaction of a polycrystalline metal surface with a liquid aggressive medium was studied using a computer model based on a cellular automat. A distinctive feature of the model is the specification of the solid body structure in the form of Voronoi polygons used for modeling polycrystalline alloys. Corrosion destruction was performed by setting the probability function of the transition between cells of the cellular automaton. It was taken into account that the corrosion strength of the grains varies due to crystallographic anisotropy. It is shown that this leads to the formation of a rough phase boundary during the corrosion process. Reducing the concentration of active particles in a solution of an aggressive medium during a chemical reaction leads to corrosion attenuation in a finite number of calculation iterations. It is established that the final morphology of the phase boundary has a fractal structure with a dimension of 1.323 ± 0.002 close to the dimension of the gradient percolation front, which is in good agreement with the fractal dimension of the etching front of a polycrystalline aluminum-magnesium alloy AlMg6 with a concentrated solution of hydrochloric acid. It is shown that corrosion of a polycrystalline metal in a liquid aggressive medium is a new example of a topochemical process, the kinetics of which is described by the Kolmogorov–Johnson– Meil–Avrami theory.

Rugose spiraling whitefly (RSW) is one of the major pests which affects the coconut trees. It feeds on the tree by sucking up the water content as well as the essential nutrients from leaves. It also forms sooty mold in leaves due to which the process of photosynthesis is inhibited. Biocontrol of pest is harmless for trees and crops. The experimental results in literature reveal that Pseudomallada astur is a potential predator for this pest. We investigate the dynamics of predator, Pseudomallada astur’s interaction with rugose spiralling whitefly, Aleurodicus rugioperculatus in coconut trees using a mathematical model. In this system of ordinary differential equation, the pest-predator interaction is modeled using Holling type III functional response. The parametric values are calculated from the experimental results and are tabulated. An approximate analytical solution for the system has been derived. The homotopy analysis method proves to be a suitable method for creating solutions that are valid even for moderate to large parameter values, hence we employ the same to solve this nonlinear model. The $\hbar$-curves, which give the admissible region of $\hbar$, are provided to validate the region of convergence. We have derived the approximate solution at fifth order and stopped at this order since we obtain a more approximate solution in this iteration. Numerical simulation is obtained through MATLAB. The analytical results are compared with numerical simulation and are found to be in good agreement. The biological interpretation of figures implies that the use of a predator reduces the whitefly’s growth to a greater extent.

The article deals with the nonlinear boundary-value problem of hydrogen permeability corresponding to the following experiment. A membrane made of the target structural material heated to a sufficiently high temperature serves as the partition in the vacuum chamber. Degassing is performed in advance. A constant pressure of gaseous (molecular) hydrogen is built up at the inlet side. The penetrating flux is determined by mass-spectrometry in the vacuum maintained at the outlet side.

A linear model of dependence on concentration is adopted for the coefficient of dissolved atomic hydrogen diffusion in the bulk. The temperature dependence conforms to the Arrhenius law. The surface processes of dissolution and sorptiondesorption are taken into account in the form of nonlinear dynamic boundary conditions (differential equations for the dynamics of surface concentrations of atomic hydrogen). The characteristic mathematical feature of the boundary-value problem is that concentration time derivatives are included both in the diffusion equation and in the boundary conditions with quadratic nonlinearity. In terms of the general theory of functional differential equations, this leads to the so-called neutral type equations and requires a more complex mathematical apparatus. An iterative computational algorithm of second-(higher- )order accuracy is suggested for solving the corresponding nonlinear boundary-value problem based on explicit-implicit difference schemes. To avoid solving the nonlinear system of equations at every time step, we apply the explicit component of difference scheme to slower sub-processes.

The results of numerical modeling are presented to confirm the fitness of the model to experimental data. The degrees of impact of variations in hydrogen permeability parameters (“derivatives”) on the penetrating flux and the concentration distribution of H atoms through the sample thickness are determined. This knowledge is important, in particular, when designing protective structures against hydrogen embrittlement or membrane technologies for producing high-purity hydrogen. The computational algorithm enables using the model in the analysis of extreme regimes for structural materials (pressure drops, high temperatures, unsteady heating), identifying the limiting factors under specific operating conditions, and saving on costly experiments (especially in deuterium-tritium investigations).

The work presents an experimental study of the tree structure that occurs during a medical examination. At each meeting with a medical specialist, the patient receives a certain number of areas for consulting other specialists or for tests. A tree of directions arises, each branch of which the patient should pass. Depending on the branching of the tree, it can be as final — and in this case the examination can be completed — and endless when the patient’s goal cannot be achieved. In the work both experimentally and theoretically studied the critical properties of the transition of the system from the forest of the final trees to the forest endless, depending on the probabilistic characteristics of the tree.

For the description, a model is proposed in which a discrete function of the probability of the number of branches on the node repeats the dynamics of a continuous gaussian distribution. The characteristics of the distribution of the Gauss (mathematical expectation of $x_0$, the average quadratic deviation of $\sigma$) are model parameters. In the selected setting, the task refers to the problems of branching random processes (BRP) in the heterogeneous model of Galton – Watson.

Experimental study is carried out by numerical modeling on the final grilles. A phase diagram was built, the boundaries of areas of various phases are determined. A comparison was made with the phase diagram obtained from theoretical criteria for macrosystems, and an adequate correspondence was established. It is shown that on the final grilles the transition is blurry.

The description of the blurry phase transition was carried out using two approaches. In the first, standard approach, the transition is described using the so-called inclusion function, which makes the meaning of the share of one of the phases in the general set. It was established that such an approach in this system is ineffective, since the found position of the conditional boundary of the blurred transition is determined only by the size of the chosen experimental lattice and does not bear objective meaning.

The second, original approach is proposed, based on the introduction of an parameter of order equal to the reverse average tree height, and the analysis of its behavior. It was established that the dynamics of such an order parameter in the $\sigma = \text{const}$ section with very small differences has the type of distribution of Fermi – Dirac ($\sigma$ performs the same function as the temperature for the distribution of Fermi – Dirac, $x_0$ — energy function). An empirical expression has been selected for the order parameter, an analogue of the chemical potential is introduced and calculated, which makes sense of the characteristic scale of the order parameter — that is, the values of $x_0$, in which the order can be considered a disorder. This criterion is the basis for determining the boundary of the conditional transition in this approach. It was established that this boundary corresponds to the average height of a tree equal to two generations. Based on the found properties, recommendations for medical institutions are proposed to control the provision of limb of the path of patients.

The model discussed and its description using conditionally-infinite trees have applications to many hierarchical systems. These systems include: internet routing networks, bureaucratic networks, trade and logistics networks, citation networks, game strategies, population dynamics problems, and others.

The study of elastic waves in porous media is relevant for mineral exploration, the use of porous screens for shock wave damping, and the study of the structure of the earth’s crust. The elastic properties of a porous medium, which can be judged by the propagation velocity of various types of waves, depend on the degree of consolidation of the porous medium. For example, bulk media (sand, glass beads, granular materials) have a low sound velocity (about 100 m/s); compaction of such media is accompanied by a slight increase in velocity, while their consolidation (sandstone, gas hydrate cementation) leads to a multiple increase in the acoustic wave velocity, on the order of 2000–3000 m/s. This paper theoretically investigates the dynamics of a wave pulse in a shock tube containing a layer of a bulk medium. Numerical modeling was performed under experimental conditions. A description of a shock tube experimental setup is provided. The setup consists of a high-pressure volume (HPV), a low-pressure volume (LPV), and a bulk medium section. A shock wave pulse (SWP) is generated by the rupture of a diaphragm between the HPV and LPV. The SWP dynamics are recorded by piezoelectric sensors located flush on the inside of the tube. In the shock tube, equipped with a bulk medium section, the wave experiences multiple reflections from the surface of the porous medium under study and the upper end of the tube. The reflected signals are used as probe pulses to study changes in the porous medium caused by repeated passages of the shock wave pulse, with a period of approximately 10 ms. A mathematical model is used that includes the equations of conservation of mass, momentum, and energy for the gas phase and solid particles with closure relations. The process is described for one-dimensional planar motion of the gas and dispersed phases. The numerical solution utilizes an approximation of the equations based on the control volume method. Numerical results have shown that the proposed model accurately describes, qualitatively and quantitatively, the occurrence of a sharp, short-term increase in the total voltage (peak) during repeated pulse passage through a layer of bulk material, as observed in experiments.

In the paper we construct the model of phase change. Process of hydriding / dehydriding is taken as an example. A single powder particle is considered under the assumption about its symmetry. A ball, a cylinder, and a flat plate are examples of such symmetrical shapes. The model desribes both the "shrinking core"(when the skin of the new phase appears on the surface of the particle) and the "nucleation and growth"(when the skin does not appear till complete vanishing of the old phase) scenarios. The model is the non-classical boundary-value problem with the free boundary and nonlinear Neumann boundary condition. The symmetry assumptions allow to reduce the problem to the single spatial variable. The model was tested on the series of experimental data. We show that the particle shape’s influence on the kinetics is insignificant. We also show that a set of particles of different shapes with size distribution can be approxomated by the single particle of the "average" size and of a simple shape; this justifies using single particle approximation and simple shapes in mathematical models.

Numerical investigation of mixing non-isothermal streams of sodium coolant in a T-branch is carried out in the FlowVision CFD software. This study is aimed at argumentation of applicability of different approaches to prediction of oscillating behavior of the flow in the mixing zone and simulation of temperature pulsations. The following approaches are considered: URANS (Unsteady Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokers), LES (Large Eddy Simulation) and quasi-DNS (Direct Numerical Simulation). One of the main tasks of the work is detection of the advantages and drawbacks of the aforementioned approaches.

Numerical investigation of temperature pulsations, arising in the liquid and T-branch walls from the mixing of non-isothermal streams of sodium coolant was carried out within a mathematical model assuming that the flow is turbulent, the fluid density does not depend on pressure, and that heat exchange proceeds between the coolant and T-branch walls. Model LMS designed for modeling turbulent heat transfer was used in the calculations within URANS approach. The model allows calculation of the Prandtl number distribution over the computational domain.

Preliminary study was dedicated to estimation of the influence of computational grid on the development of oscillating flow and character of temperature pulsation within the aforementioned approaches. The study resulted in formulation of criteria for grid generation for each approach.

Then, calculations of three flow regimes have been carried out. The regimes differ by the ratios of the sodium mass flow rates and temperatures at the T-branch inlets. Each regime was calculated with use of the URANS, LES and quasi-DNS approaches.

At the final stage of the work analytical comparison of numerical and experimental data was performed. Advantages and drawbacks of each approach to simulation of mixing non-isothermal streams of sodium coolant in the T-branch are revealed and formulated.

It is shown that the URANS approach predicts the mean temperature distribution with a reasonable accuracy. It requires essentially less computational and time resources compared to the LES and DNS approaches. The drawback of this approach is that it does not reproduce pulsations of velocity, pressure and temperature.

The LES and DNS approaches also predict the mean temperature with a reasonable accuracy. They provide oscillating solutions. The obtained amplitudes of the temperature pulsations exceed the experimental ones. The spectral power densities in the check points inside the sodium flow agree well with the experimental data. However, the expenses of the computational and time resources essentially exceed those for the URANS approach in the performed numerical experiments: 350 times for LES and 1500 times for ·DNS.

The aim of the work was to study and develop methods of forecasting the dynamics of the human respiratory reactions, based on mathematical modeling. To achieve this goal have been set and solved the following tasks: developed and justified the overall structure and formalized description of the model Respiro-reflex system; built and implemented the algorithm in software models of gas exchange of the body; computational experiments and checking the adequacy of the model-based Lite-ture data and our own experimental studies.

In this embodiment, a new comprehensive model entered partial model modified version of physicochemical properties and blood acid-base balance. In developing the model as the basis of a formalized description was based on the concept of separation of physiologically-fi system of regulation on active and passive subsystems regulation. Development of the model was carried out in stages. Integrated model of gas exchange consisted of the following special models: basic biophysical models of gas exchange system; model physicochemical properties and blood acid-base balance; passive mechanisms of gas exchange model developed on the basis of mass balance equations Grodinza F.; chemical regulation model developed on the basis of a multifactor model D. Gray.

For a software implementation of the model, calculations were made in MatLab programming environment. To solve the equations of the method of Runge–Kutta–Fehlberga. It is assumed that the model will be presented in the form of a computer research program, which allows implements vat various hypotheses about the mechanism of the observed processes. Calculate the expected value of the basic indicators of gas exchange under giperkap Britain and hypoxia. The results of calculations as the nature of, and quantity is good enough co-agree with the data obtained in the studies on the testers. The audit on Adek-vatnost confirmed that the error calculation is within error of copper-to-biological experiments. The model can be used in the theoretical prediction of the dynamics of the respiratory reactions of the human body in a changed atmosphere.

The paper develops a new mathematical method of the joint signal and noise calculation at the Rice statistical distribution based on combing the maximum likelihood method and the method of moments. The calculation of the sough-for values of signal and noise is implemented by processing the sampled measurements of the analyzed Rician signal’s amplitude. The explicit equations’ system has been obtained for required signal and noise parameters and the results of its numerical solution are provided confirming the efficiency of the proposed technique. It has been shown that solving the two-parameter task by means of the proposed technique does not lead to the increase of the volume of demanded calculative resources if compared with solving the task in one-parameter approximation. An analytical solution of the task has been obtained for the particular case of small value of the signal-to-noise ratio. The paper presents the investigation of the dependence of the sought for parameters estimation accuracy and dispersion on the quantity of measurements in experimental sample. According to the results of numerical experiments, the dispersion values of the estimated sought-for signal and noise parameters calculated by means of the proposed technique change in inverse proportion to the quantity of measurements in a sample. There has been implemented a comparison of the accuracy of the soughtfor Rician parameters’ estimation by means of the proposed technique and by earlier developed version of the method of moments. The problem having been considered in the paper is meaningful for the purposes of Rician data processing, in particular, at the systems of magnetic-resonance visualization, in devices of ultrasonic visualization, at optical signals’ analysis in range-measuring systems, at radar signals’ analysis, as well as at solving many other scientific and applied tasks that are adequately described by the Rice statistical model.

Theoretical and experimental investigations of water vapor interaction with porous materials are carried out both at the macro level and at the micro level. At the macro level, the influence of the arrangement structure of individual pores on the processes of water vapor interaction with porous material as a continuous medium is studied. At the micro level, it is very interesting to investigate the dependence of the characteristics of the water vapor interaction with porous media on the geometry and dimensions of the individual pore.

In this paper, a study was carried out by means of mathematical modelling of the processes of water vapor interaction with suffering pore of the cylindrical type. The calculations were performed using a model of a hybrid type combining a molecular-dynamic and a macro-diffusion approach for describing water vapor interaction with an individual pore. The processes of evolution to the state of thermodynamic equilibrium of macroscopic characteristics of the system such as temperature, density, and pressure, depending on external conditions with respect to pore, were explored. The dependence of the evolution parameters on the distribution of the diffusion coefficient in the pore, obtained as a result of molecular dynamics modelling, is examined. The relevance of these studies is due to the fact that all methods and programs used for the modelling of the moisture and heat conductivity are based on the use of transport equations in a porous material as a continuous medium with known values of the transport coefficients, which are usually obtained experimentally.