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The equilibrium configurations of charged electrons, confined in the hard disk potential, are analysed by means of the hybrid numerical algorithm. The algorithm is based on the interpolation formulas, that are obtained from the analysis of the equilibrium configurations, provided by the variational principle developed in the circular model. The solution of the nonlinear equations of the circular model yields the formation of the shell structure which is composed of the series of rings. Each ring contains a certain number of particles, which decreases as one moves from the boundary ring to the central one. The number of rings depends on the total number of electrons. The interpolation formulas provide the initial configurations for the molecular dynamics calculations. This approach makes it possible to significantly increase the speed at which an equilibrium configuration is reached for an arbitrarily chosen number of particles compared to the Metropolis annealing simulation algorithm and other algorithms based on global optimization methods.

Mathematical models of gas dynamics and its computational industry, in our opinion, are far from perfect. We will look at this problem from the point of view of a clear probabilistic micro-model of a gas from hard spheres, relying on both the theory of random processes and the classical kinetic theory in terms of densities of distribution functions in phase space, namely, we will first construct a system of nonlinear stochastic differential equations (SDE), and then a generalized random and nonrandom integro-differential Boltzmann equation taking into account correlations and fluctuations. The key feature of the initial model is the random nature of the intensity of the jump measure and its dependence on the process itself.

Briefly recall the transition to increasingly coarse meso-macro approximations in accordance with a decrease in the dimensionalization parameter, the Knudsen number. We obtain stochastic and non-random equations, first in phase space (meso-model in terms of the Wiener — measure SDE and the Kolmogorov – Fokker – Planck equations), and then — in coordinate space (macro-equations that differ from the Navier – Stokes system of equations and quasi-gas dynamics systems). The main difference of this derivation is a more accurate averaging by velocity due to the analytical solution of stochastic differential equations with respect to the Wiener measure, in the form of which an intermediate meso-model in phase space is presented. This approach differs significantly from the traditional one, which uses not the random process itself, but its distribution function. The emphasis is placed on the transparency of assumptions during the transition from one level of detail to another, and not on numerical experiments, which contain additional approximation errors.

The theoretical power of the microscopic representation of macroscopic phenomena is also important as an ideological support for particle methods alternative to difference and finite element methods.

The paper formulates a mathematical model for hydroelastic oscillations of a plate resting on a nonlinear hardening elastic foundation and interacting with a pulsating fluid layer. The main feature of the proposed model, unlike the wellknown ones, is the joint consideration of the elastic properties of the plate, the nonlinearity of elastic foundation, as well as the dissipative properties of the fluid and the inertia of its motion. The model is represented by a system of equations for a twodimensional hydroelasticity problem including dynamics equation of Kirchhoff’s plate resting on the elastic foundation with hardening cubic nonlinearity, Navier – Stokes equations, and continuity equation. This system is supplemented by boundary conditions for plate deflections and fluid pressure at plate ends, as well as for fluid velocities at the bounding walls. The model was investigated by perturbation method with subsequent use of iteration method for the equations of thin layer of viscous fluid. As a result, the fluid pressure distribution at the plate surface was obtained and the transition to an integrodifferential equation describing bending hydroelastic oscillations of the plate is performed. This equation is solved by the Bubnov –Galerkin method using the harmonic balance method to determine the primary hydroelastic response of the plate and phase response due to the given harmonic law of fluid pressure pulsation at plate ends. It is shown that the original problem can be reduced to the study of the generalized Duffing equation, in which the coefficients at inertial, dissipative and stiffness terms are determined by the physical and mechanical parameters of the original system. The primary hydroelastic response and phases response for the plate are found. The numerical study of these responses is performed for the cases of considering the inertia of fluid motion and the creeping fluid motion for the nonlinear and linearly elastic foundation of the plate. The results of the calculations showed the need to jointly consider the viscosity and inertia of the fluid motion together with the elastic properties of the plate and its foundation, both for nonlinear and linear vibrations of the plate.

The paper is devoted to the study of wave and relaxation effects during the pulsed outflow of a gas mixture with a high content of solid particles from a cylindrical channel during its initial partial filling. The problem is formulated in a two-speed two-temperature formulation and was solved numerically by the hybrid large-particle method of the second order of approximation. The numerical algorithm is implemented in the form of parallel computing using basic Free Pascal language tools. The applicability and accuracy of the method for wave flows of concentrated gas-particles mixtures is confirmed by comparison with test asymptotically accurate solutions. The calculation error on a grid of low detail in the characteristic flow zones of a two-phase medium was 10^-6 . . . 10^-5.

Based on the wave diagram, the analysis of the physical pattern of the outflow of a gas suspension partially filling a cylindrical channel is performed. It is established that, depending on the degree of initial filling of the channel, various outflow modes are formed. The first mode is implemented with a small degree of loading of the high-pressure chamber, at which the left boundary of the gas-particles mixture crosses the outlet section before the arrival of the rarefaction wave reflected from the bottom of the channel. At the same time, the maximum value of the mass flow rate of the mixture is achieved. Other modes are formed in cases of a larger initial filling of the channel, when the rarefaction waves reflected from the bottom of the channel interact with the gas suspension layer and reduce the intensity of its outflow.

The influence of relaxation properties with changing particle size on the dynamics of a limited layer of a gas-dispersed medium is studied. Comparison of the outflow of a limited gas suspension layer with different particle sizes shows that for small particles (the Stokes number is less than 0.001), an anomalous phenomenon of the simultaneous existence of shock wave structures in the supersonic and subsonic flow of gas and suspension is observed. With an increase in the size of dispersed inclusions, the compaction jumps in the region of the two-phase mixture are smoothed out, and for particles (the Stokes number is greater than 0.1), they practically disappear. At the same time, the shock-wave configuration of the supersonic gas flow at the outlet of the channel is preserved, and the positions and boundaries of the energy-carrying volumes of the gas suspension are close when the particle sizes change.

The paper considers integro-differential equations of fractional order moisture transfer with the Bessel operator. The studied equations contain the Bessel operator, two Gerasimov – Caputo fractional differentiation operators with different orders $\alpha$ and $\beta$. Two types of integro-differential equations are considered: in the first case, the equation contains a non-local source, i.e. the integral of the unknown function over the integration variable $x$, and in the second case, the integral over the time variable τ, denoting the memory effect. Similar problems arise in the study of processes with prehistory. To solve differential problems for different ratios of $\alpha$ and $\beta$, a priori estimates in differential form are obtained, from which the uniqueness and stability of the solution with respect to the right-hand side and initial data follow. For the approximate solution of the problems posed, difference schemes are constructed with the order of approximation $O(h^2+\tau^2)$ for $\alpha=\beta$ and $O(h^2+\tau^{2-\max\{\alpha,\beta\}})$ for $\alpha\neq\beta$. The study of the uniqueness, stability and convergence of the solution is carried out using the method of energy inequalities. A priori estimates for solutions of difference problems are obtained for different ratios of $\alpha$ and $\beta$, from which the uniqueness and stability follow, as well as the convergence of the solution of the difference scheme to the solution of the original differential problem at a rate equal to the order of approximation of the difference scheme.

The study of the structural characteristics of composites and nanostructures is of fundamental importance in materials science. Theoretical and numerical modeling and simulation of the mechanical properties of nanostructures is the main tool that allows for complex studies that are difficult to conduct only experimentally. One example of nanostructures considered in this work are carbon nanotubes (CNTs), which have good thermal and electrical properties, as well as low density and high Young’s modulus, making them the most suitable reinforcement element for composites, for potential applications in aerospace, automotive, metallurgical and biomedical industries. In this review, we reviewed the modeling methods, mechanical properties, and applications of CNT-reinforced metal matrix composites. Some modeling methods applicable in the study of composites with polymer and metal matrices are also considered. Methods such as the gradient descent method, the Monte Carlo method, methods of molecular statics and molecular dynamics are considered. Molecular dynamics simulations have been shown to be excellent for creating various composite material systems and studying the properties of metal matrix composites reinforced with carbon nanomaterials under various conditions. This paper briefly presents the most commonly used potentials that describe the interactions of composite modeling systems. The correct choice of interaction potentials between parts of composites directly affects the description of the phenomenon being studied. The dependence of the mechanical properties of composites on the volume fraction of the diameter, orientation, and number of CNTs is detailed and discussed. It has been shown that the volume fraction of carbon nanotubes has a significant effect on the tensile strength and Young’s modulus. The CNT diameter has a greater impact on the tensile strength than on the elastic modulus. An example of works is also given in which the effect of CNT length on the mechanical properties of composites is studied. In conclusion, we offer perspectives on the direction of development of molecular dynamics modeling in relation to metal matrix composites reinforced with carbon nanomaterials.

The efficiency of mobile robotic systems (MRS) that monitor the traffic situation, urban infrastructure, consequences of emergency situations, etc., directly depends on the quality of vision systems, which are the most important part of MRS. In turn, the accuracy of image processing in vision systems depends to a great extent on the accuracy of spatial orientation of the video camera placed on the MRS. However, when video cameras are placed on the MRS, the level of errors of their spatial orientation increases sharply, caused by wind and seismic vibrations, movement of the MRS over rough terrain, etc. In this connection, the paper considers a general solution to the problem of stochastic estimation of spatial orientation parameters of video cameras in conditions of both random mast vibrations and arbitrary character of MRS movement. Since the methods of solving this problem on the basis of satellite measurements at high intensity of natural and artificial radio interference (the methods of formation of which are constantly being improved) are not able to provide the required accuracy of the solution, the proposed approach is based on the use of autonomous means of measurement — inertial and non-inertial. But when using them, the problem of building and stochastic estimation of the general model of video camera motion arises, the complexity of which is determined by arbitrary motion of the video camera, random mast oscillations, measurement disturbances, etc. The problem of stochastic estimation of the general model of video camera motion arises. Due to the unsolved nature of this problem, the paper considers the synthesis of both the video camera motion model in the most general case and the stochastic estimation of its state parameters. The developed algorithm for joint estimation of the spatial orientation parameters of the video camera placed on the mast of the MRS is invariant to the nature of motion of the mast, the video camera, and the MRS itself, providing stability and the required accuracy of estimation under the most general assumptions about the nature of interference of the sensitive elements of the autonomous measuring complex used. The results of the numerical experiment allow us to conclude that the proposed approach can be practically applied to solve the problem of the current spatial orientation of MRS and video cameras placed on them using inexpensive autonomous measuring devices.

The article considers the mathematical aspects of the problem of identifying a multicomponent scattering medium based on pulsed multienergy X-ray irradiation data. X-ray diagnostics problems are of considerable interest from both theoretical and practical points of view, and radiographic methods are indispensable in non-destructive testing of products.

Within the framework of a mathematical model based on a non-stationary integro-differential equation of radiation transfer, the inverse problem of finding the attenuation coefficient for radiation known at the boundary of the region and the problem of identifying a substance based on the found values of the attenuation coefficient on a discrete set of irradiation energies of the medium are formulated.

A preliminary processing of a wide list of substances of interest in computed tomography was carried out to determine the possibility of their identification by an approximately specified radiation attenuation coefficient characterizing the medium. When analyzing the degree of proximity of substances in a certain norm, it was found that the set of all possible substances potentially contained in the medium is divided into a finite number of non-intersecting clusters. For a sufficiently short duration of the probing signal, the scattering component of the radiation leaving the medium is asymptotically small. This circumstance allows us to reduce the inverse problem for the radiation transfer equation to the problem of inverting the Radon transform from the attenuation coefficient. The possibility of unambiguous or partial identification of a substance by varying the duration of the probing pulse and the number of energy levels of irradiation of the medium is analyzed using numerical modeling methods on a specially developed digital phantom.

Amid the ongoing trend of rapid urbanization and the intensive development of megacities and large cities worldwide, the impact of man-made vibrations on residential structures and infrastructure is increasing. The operation of subway systems, construction using pile-driving and drilling equipment, and heavy traffic have become active sources of wave disturbances, which can be a decisive factor in reducing the structural stability of buildings and, consequently, their long-term reliability. This paper proposes a numerical calculation using the grid-characteristic method to model elastic waves propagating through soil layers and load-bearing structures from various sources. By solving the direct problem of numerical pulse simulation and varying its location, the values of velocity vector projections and components of the Cauchy stress tensor were obtained at each time step. Two scenarios were examined: the first simulates the impact of noise generated by construction work or nearby traffic, while the second demonstrates how a subway running through an underground tunnel affects multi-story residential buildings. Wave propagation patterns from these sources were visualized in terms of the parameters of interest, enabling a quick and convenient comprehensive analysis of the problem. The analysis of the obtained data will help adjust the timing and types of repair work, identify structural weak points, and develop innovative methods for preserving historical buildings that are cultural heritage sites. Additionally, it will allow for the most economically optimal construction of modern buildings near architectural landmarks, provide an efficient and safe action plan in emergencies, and modernize existing construction technologies to enhance the comfort of residential buildings, office structures, and other socially significant facilities. It will also aid in selecting the most suitable locations for modern high-precision manufacturing plants.

This paper analyzes some issues in developing numerical methods for solving problems with a Boltzmann-type linear kinetic transport equation. Existing applications of this type of equation are listed. The focus is on the problem of radiative transfer in a flat layer, which are important for experimental research practice. Key definitions and traditional limitations applied to radiative transfer problems are presented. Some features of formulating radiative transfer problems for flat layers of irregular heterogeneous composite materials that are partially transparent to electromagnetic radiation are considered. The main approaches to the numerical and numerical-analytical solution of the linear kinetic transport equation are outlined.

Some variants of the simplest grid numerical methods for solving of nonstationary kinetic problems of transport a flat layer of a medium with strong attenuation are considered. Problems with one- and two-step variants of these iterative methods are analyzed, for some of them the causes of instability and convergence absence in some of them are investigated and established. It is shown that in the explicit conservative one-step method for a layer of a homogeneous absorbing, but neither radiating nor scattering, medium, unstable modes always exist in the spectrum of harmonic solutions. These modes arise in the region of radiation propagating almost parallel to the layer boundaries, and their instability increases with increasing attenuation effects and is caused by the presence of a small coefficient before the spatial derivative in the transport equation. To limit the undesirable influence of this component, various variants of splitting the equation into two and three fractional steps are considered.

It is shown that the most preferable options are those with explicitly organized fractional steps, for which a proof of their stability and convergence, that based on the Lax’s equivalence theorem is presented. It is demonstrated that the correct building of the fractional step sequence in explicit schemes for numerical solving of the nonstationary linear kinetic transport problems can provide additional stabilization, with the scattering integral plays an important role in stabilizing them. So, when solving kinetic transport problems in media with high scattering albedo, the explicit grid method of settling with splitting the iterations into three fractional steps, that were based on physical processes proved to be the simplest and most effective. The method is implemented as Matlab code, which performs quality control during the generation of the numerical solution process. The most significant modeling results are presented, confirming that the three-step method imposes relatively moderate requirements on resources and numerical integration accuracy, and ensures conditional convergence of iterations. Its mathematical correctness is confirmed by the behavior of the equation residuals and direct control of the convergence of numerical solutions. Its physical correctness is confirmed by ensuring, for ergodic systems, the property of convergence to an invariant steady state independent of the initial conditions. Some discovered and possible limitations of the method are listed.

The work will be useful to specialists in the field of mathematical modeling, numerical methods, kinetic theory, combined heat and mass transfer, dealing with issues of interpretation of experimental data, graduate students and senior students specializing in the indicated areas.