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The article analyzes empirical data on the long-term demographic and economic dynamics of the countries of the world for the period from the beginning of the 19th century to the present. Population and GDP of a number of countries of the world for the period 1500–2016 were selected as indicators characterizing the long-term demographic and economic dynamics of the countries of the world. Countries were chosen in such a way that they included representatives with different levels of development (developed and developing countries), as well as countries from different regions of the world (North America, South America, Europe, Asia, Africa). A specially developed mathematical model was used for modeling and data processing. The presented model is an autonomous system of differential equations that describes the processes of socio-economic modernization, including the process of transition from an agrarian society to an industrial and post-industrial one. The model contains the idea that the process of modernization begins with the emergence of an innovative sector in a traditional society, developing on the basis of new technologies. The population is gradually moving from the traditional sector to the innovation sector. Modernization is completed when most of the population moves to the innovation sector.

Statistical methods of data processing and Big Data methods, including hierarchical clustering were used. Using the developed algorithm based on the random descent method, the parameters of the model were identified and verified on the basis of empirical series, and the model was tested using statistical data reflecting the changes observed in developed and developing countries during the period of modernization taking place over the past centuries. Testing the model has demonstrated its high quality — the deviations of the calculated curves from statistical data are usually small and occur during periods of wars and economic crises. Thus, the analysis of statistical data on the long-term demographic and economic dynamics of the countries of the world made it possible to determine general patterns and formalize them in the form of a mathematical model. The model will be used to forecast demographic and economic dynamics in different countries of the world.

In neuroscience, the study of odor coding mechanisms requires the analysis of spatial activation patterns of olfactory structures (glomeruli) reconstructed from multiphoton microscopy data. However, the lack of a formal statistical framework for analyzing population-level summary maps limits result reproducibility and hinders the development of predictive models. To address these limitations, we developed a novel methodology for the analysis of olfactory activity maps aggregated across multiple animals, based on the theory of unmarked spatial point processes. The methodology includes a data preprocessing procedure and a numerical analysis algorithm implemented in the R environment using the spatstat package.

The proposed approach enables: (1) transformation of raw glomerular activity maps into point patterns while preserving information about glomerular sizes (replacing size information with local point density is a methodological compromise reflecting the “functional weight” of glomerular input); (2) analysis of point patterns based on spatial morphometric characteristics of domains — regions of stable glomerular activation in the olfactory bulb, each approximated by an ellipse, with ellipse parameters (center coordinates in stereotaxic space, major and minor axis lengths, orientation angles), areas, and intra-ellipse point densities reflecting odorant-specific response signatures; (3) statistical hypothesis testing for spatial randomness (Complete Spatial Randomness) using Ripley’s $K$-function, the nearest-neighbor G-function, and Monte Carlo simulations; (4) synthesis of a parametric pairwise interaction model (Strauss process), whose parameters $(r_{PI}, \gamma)$ have a clear biological interpretation — the spatial interaction scale of glomeruli and the strength of response comodulation, respectively.

The methodology was validated using experimental data obtained from 24 laboratory rats: 10 animals stimulated with camphor and 14 with methyl benzoate. The fitted Strauss models yielded close but odorant-specific parameters: interaction radii $r_{PI}$ of 150 $\mu$m (camphor) and 120 μm (methyl benzoate); interaction parameters $gamma$ of 0.95 and 0.89, respectively. The total domain areas (0.60 mm² and 0.73 mm²) and point densities (38 and 43 points/mm²) calculated at the first stage of analysis are fully consistent with the parametric signatures $(r_{PI}, \gamma)$ of the Strauss model. Model validation using $Q$-$Q$ plots of smoothed residuals confirmed their adequacy.

Our results are consistent with data previously obtained using genetic labeling and functional mapping techniques, demonstrating the correctness of the proposed methodology and the effectiveness of multiphoton laser scanning microscopy for such applications. The proposed framework provides reproducible quantitative assessment of glomerular domains within a unified stereotaxic coordinate system and can be extended to other odorants and biological species. All findings were obtained under anesthesia; extrapolation to active olfactory strategies in awake animals requires further investigation.

In this paper the various methods of machine classification of scientific texts by thematic sections on the example of publications in specialized medical journals published by Springer are compared. The corpus of texts was studied in five sections: pharmacology/toxicology, cardiology, immunology, neurology and oncology. We considered both classification methods based on the analysis of annotations and keywords, and classification methods based on the processing of actual texts. Methods of Bayesian classification, reference vectors, and reference letter combinations were applied. It is shown that the method of classification with the best accuracy is based on creating a library of standards of letter trigrams that correspond to texts of a certain subject. It is turned out that for this corpus the Bayesian method gives an error of about 20%, the support vector machine has error of order 10%, and the proximity of the distribution of three-letter text to the standard theme gives an error of about 5%, which allows to rank these methods to the use of artificial intelligence in the task of text classification by industry specialties. It is important that the support vector method provides the same accuracy when analyzing annotations as when analyzing full texts, which is important for reducing the number of operations for large text corpus.

This paper considers the problem of water consumption in the regions of Russia with low water availability. We provide a review of the existing methods to control quality and quantity of water resources at different scales — from households to worldwide. The paper itself considers regions with low “water availability” parameter which is amount of water per person per year. Special attention is paid to the regions, where this parameter is low because of natural features of the region, not because of high population. In such regions many resources are spend on water processing infrastructure to store water and transport water from other regions. In such regions the main water consumers are industry and agriculture.

We propose dynamic two-level hierarchical model which matches water consumption of a region with its gross regional product. On the top level there is a regional administration (supervisor) and on the lower level there are region enterprises (agents). The supervisor sets fees for water consumption. We study the model with Pontryagin’s maximum principle and provide agents’s optimal control in analytical form. For the supervisor’s control we provide numerical algorithm. The model has six free coefficients, which can be chosen so the model represents a particular region. We use data from Russia Federal State Statistics Service for identification process of a model. For numerical analysis we use trust region reflective algorithms. We provide calculations for a few regions with low water availability. It is shown that it is possible to reduce water consumption of a region more than by 20% while gross regional product drop is less than 10%.

The problem is to automate the correction of LaTeX documents. Each document is represented as a parse tree. The modified Zhang-Shasha algorithm is used to construct a mapping of tree vertices of the original document to the tree vertices of the edited document, which corresponds to the minimum editing distance. Vertex to vertex maps form the training set, which is used to generate rules for automatic correction. The statistics of the applicability to the edited documents is collected for each rule. It is used for quality assessment and improvement of the rules.

The article considers the problem of forecasting the number of employed and unemployed persons in a multisectoral labor market using a balance mathematical model of labor force intersectoral dynamics.

The balance mathematical model makes it possible to calculate the values of intersectoral dynamics indicators using only statistical data on sectoral employment and unemployment provided by the Federal State Statistics Service. Intersectoral dynamics indicators of labor force calculated for several years in a row are used to build trends for each of these indicators. The found trends are used to calculation of forecasted intersectoral dynamics indicators of labor force. The sectoral employment and unemployment of researched multisectoral labor market is forecasted based on values these forecasted indicators.

The proposed approach was applied to forecast the employed persons in the economic sectors of the Russian Federation in 2011–2016. The following types of trends were used to describe changes of intersectoral dynamics indicators values: linear, non-linear, constant. The procedure for selecting trends is clearly demonstrated by the example of indicators that determine the labor force movements from the “Transport and communications” sector to the “Healthcare and social services” sector, as well as from the “Public administration and military security, social security” sector to the “Education” sector.

Several approaches to forecasting was compared: a) naive forecast, within which the labor market indicators was forecasted only using a constant trend; b) forecasting based on a balance model using only a constant trend for all intersectoral dynamics indicators of labor force; c) forecasting directly by the number employed persons in economic sectors using the types of trends considered in the article; d) forecasting based on a balance model with the trends choice for each intersectoral dynamics indicators of labor force.

The article shows that the use of a balance model provides a better forecast quality compared to forecasting directly by the number of employed persons. The use of trends in intersectoral dynamics indicators improves the quality of the forecast. The article also provides analysis examples of the multisectoral labor market in the Russian Federation. Using the balance model, the following information was obtained: the labor force flows distribution outgoing from concrete sectors by sectors of the economy; the sectoral structure of the labor force flows ingoing in concrete sectors. This information is not directly contained in the data provided by the Federal State Statistics Service.

Studies of the crisis socio-demographic situation in the Russian Far East require not only the use of traditional statistical methods, but also a conceptual analysis of possible development scenarios based on the synergy principles. The article is devoted to the analysis and modeling of the number of employed, unemployed and economically inactive population using nonlinear autonomous differential equations. We studied a basic mathematical model that takes into account the principle of pair interactions, which is a special case of the model for the struggle between conditional information of D. S. Chernavsky. The point estimates for the parameters are found using least squares method adapted for this model. The average approximation error was no more than 5.17%. The calculated parameter values correspond to the unstable focus and the oscillations with increasing amplitude of population number in the asymptotic case, which indicates a gradual increase in disparities between the employed, unemployed and economically inactive population and a collapse of their dynamics. We found that in the parametric space, not far from the inertial scenario, there are domains of blow-up and chaotic regimes complicating the ability to effectively manage. The numerical study showed that a change in only one model parameter (e.g. migration) without complex structural socio-economic changes can only delay the collapse of the dynamics in the long term or leads to the emergence of unpredictable chaotic regimes. We found an additional set of the model parameters corresponding to sustainable dynamics (stable focus) which approximates well the time series of the considered population groups. In the mathematical model, the bifurcation parameters are the outflow rate of the able-bodied population, the fertility (“rejuvenation of the population”), as well as the migration inflow rate of the unemployed. We found that the transition to stable regimes is possible with the simultaneous impact on several parameters which requires a comprehensive set of measures to consolidate the population in the Russian Far East and increase the level of income in terms of compensation for infrastructure sparseness. Further economic and sociological research is required to develop specific state policy measures.

The purpose of this study is to develop a methodology for change points detection in time series, including financial data. The theoretical basis of the study is based on the pieces of research devoted to the analysis of structural changes in financial markets, description of the proposed algorithms for detecting change points and peculiarities of building classical and deep machine learning models for solving this type of problems. The development of such tools is of interest to investors and other stakeholders, providing them with additional approaches to the effective analysis of financial markets and interpretation of available data.

To address the research objective, a neural network was trained. In the course of the study several ways of training sample formation were considered, differing in the nature of statistical parameters. In order to improve the quality of training and obtain more accurate results, a methodology for feature generation was developed for the formation of features that serve as input data for the neural network. These features, in turn, were derived from an analysis of mathematical expectations and standard deviations of time series data over specific intervals. The potential for combining these features to achieve more stable results is also under investigation.

The results of model experiments were analyzed to compare the effectiveness of the proposed model with other existing changepoint detection algorithms that have gained widespread usage in practical applications. A specially generated dataset, developed using proprietary methods, was utilized as both training and testing data. Furthermore, the model, trained on various features, was tested on daily data from the S&P 500 index to assess its effectiveness in a real financial context.

As the principles of the model’s operation are described, possibilities for its further improvement are considered, including the modernization of the proposed model’s structure, optimization of training data generation, and feature formation. Additionally, the authors are tasked with advancing existing concepts for real-time changepoint detection.

This study proposes a methodology for anomaly detection in educational assessment data, demonstrated on the case of the 2023–2024 Basic State Exam (BSE) in mathematics in Russia. The relevance of the study is related to the absence of mandatory video surveillance during the examination period, which creates a risk of potential rule violations both by individual students and by entire educational institutions. By analyzing the distribution of primary scores, we identify a big spike in the area between grades 2 and 3 as a specific pattern in results that may indicate cases of cheating during the exam. To determine the most suspicious results, two anomaly criteria were constructed. The first criterion relies on comparing the magnitude of the spike in empirical distribution function in school’s results with the corresponding regional average level. This criterion made it possible to identify 47 educational institutions with abnormally high values of the spike. The second (general) criterion was derived from comparing students’ scores on the examination with their performance on a diagnostic mathematics test conducted in grade 8 under video surveillance. This comparison is appropriate because almost the same group of students took part in both assessments. This approach helps reduce the number of detected anomalies by distinguishing those more likely to reflect actual protocol violations from those arising due to the specific characteristics of a particular student population and their exam preparation within a given educational institution. The application of the oneclass support vector machine method enabled the identification of 12 schools with atypical anomalous results. The proposed methodology could be useful for the detection of potential cases of cheating during exams and the development of methods for preventing such behavior. In particular, it can be used to support targeted preventive work with specific schools in order to reduce the risk of exam rule violations.

The article discusses the problem of the influence of the research goals on the structure of the multivariate model of regression analysis (in particular, on the implementation of the procedure for reducing the dimension of the model). It is shown how bringing the specification of the multiple regression model in line with the research objectives affects the choice of modeling methods. Two schemes for constructing a model are compared: the first does not allow taking into account the typology of primary predictors and the nature of their influence on the performance characteristics, the second scheme implies a stage of preliminary division of the initial predictors into groups, in accordance with the objectives of the study. Using the example of solving the problem of analyzing the causes of burnout of creative workers, the importance of the stage of qualitative analysis and systematization of a priori selected factors is shown, which is implemented not by computing means, but by attracting the knowledge and experience of specialists in the studied subject area. The presented example of the implementation of the approach to determining the specification of the regression model combines formalized mathematical and statistical procedures and the preceding stage of the classification of primary factors. The presence of this stage makes it possible to explain the scheme of managing (corrective) actions (softening the leadership style and increasing approval lead to a decrease in the manifestations of anxiety and stress, which, in turn, reduces the severity of the emotional exhaustion of the team members). Preclassification also allows avoiding the combination in one main component of controlled and uncontrolled, regulatory and controlled feature factors, which could worsen the interpretability of the synthesized predictors. On the example of a specific problem, it is shown that the selection of factors-regressors is a process that requires an individual solution. In the case under consideration, the following were consistently used: systematization of features, correlation analysis, principal component analysis, regression analysis. The first three methods made it possible to significantly reduce the dimension of the problem, which did not affect the achievement of the goal for which this task was posed: significant measures of controlling influence on the team were shown. allowing to reduce the degree of emotional burnout of its participants.