All issues

The approach to increase efficiency of Gill and Murray's algorithm of Newtonian methods of unconstrained optimization with step adjustment creation is offered, rests on Cholesky’s factorization. It is proved that the strategy of choice of the descent direction also determines the solution of the problem of scaling of steps at descent, and approximation by non-quadratic functions, and integration with a method of a confidential vicinity.

Selection and correct applying of the geosensor — the instrument of mineral geothermobarometry is challenging because of the wide variety of existing geosensors on the one hand and the availability of specific requirements for their use on the other. In this paper, organization of the geosensors within the computer system called interactive registry was proposed for reducing the labor intensity of the geosensors usage and providing information support for them. The article provides a formal description of the thermodynamic geosensor, as a function of the minerals composition and independent parameters, as well as the basic steps of pressure and temperature estimation which are common for all geosensors: conversion to the formula units, calculation of the additional parameters and the calculation of the required values. Existing collections of geosensors made as standalone applications, or as spreadsheets was examined for advantages and disadvantages of these approaches. Additional information necessary to use the geosensor was described: paragenesis, accuracy and range of parameter values, reference and others. Implementation of the geosensors registry as the webbased application which uses wiki technology was proposed. Usage of the wiki technology allows to effectively organize not so well formalized additional information about the geosensor and it’s algorithm which had written in a programming language into a single information system. For information organization links, namespaces and wiki markup was used. The article discusses the implementation of the applications on the top of DokuWiki system with specially designed RESTful server, allowing users to apply the geosensors from the registry to their own data. Programming language R uses as a geosensors description language. RServe server uses for calculations. The unittest for each geosensor allows to check the correctness of it’s implementation. The user interface of the application was developed as DokuWiki plug-in. The example of usage was given. In the article conclusion, the questions of the application security, performance and scaling was discussed.

The purpose of the paper is a research of a 2nd order finite difference scheme based on the Z-scheme. This research is the numerical solution of several two-dimensional differential equations simulated the incompressible medium convection.

One of real tasks for similar equations solution is the numerical simulating of strongly non-stationary midscale processes in the Earth ionosphere. Because convection processes in ionospheric plasma are controlled by magnetic field, the plasma incompressibility condition is supposed across the magnetic field. For the same reason, there can be rather high velocities of heat and mass convection along the magnetic field.

Ionospheric simulation relevant task is the research of plasma instability of various scales which started in polar and equatorial regions first of all. At the same time the mid-scale irregularities having characteristic sizes 1–50 km create conditions for development of the small-scale instabilities. The last lead to the F-spread phenomenon which significantly influences the accuracy of positioning satellite systems work and also other space and ground-based radio-electronic systems.

The difference schemes used for simultaneous simulating of such multi-scale processes must to have high resolution. Besides, these difference schemes must to be high resolution on the one hand and monotonic on the other hand. The fact that instabilities strengthen errors of difference schemes, especially they strengthen errors of dispersion type is the reason of such contradictory requirements. The similar swing of errors usually results to nonphysical results at the numerical solution.

At the numerical solution of three-dimensional mathematical models of ionospheric plasma are used the following scheme of splitting on physical processes: the first step of splitting carries out convection along, the second step of splitting carries out convection across. The 2nd order finite difference scheme investigated in the paper solves approximately convection across equations. This scheme is constructed by a monotonized nonlinear procedure on base of the Z-scheme which is one of 2nd order schemes. At this monotonized procedure a nonlinear correction with so-called “oblique differences” is used. “Oblique differences” contain the grid nodes relating to different layers of time.

The researches were conducted for two cases. In the simulating field components of the convection vector had: 1) the constant sign; 2) the variable sign. Dissipative and dispersive characteristics of the scheme for different types of the limiting functions are in number received.

The results of the numerical experiments allow to draw the following conclusions.

1. For the discontinuous initial profile the best properties were shown by the SuperBee limiter.

2. For the continuous initial profile with the big spatial steps the SuperBee limiter is better, and at the small steps the Koren limiter is better.

3. For the smooth initial profile the best results were shown by the Koren limiter.

4. The smooth F limiter showed the results similar to Koren limiter.

5. Limiters of different type leave dispersive errors, at the same time dependences of dispersive errors on the scheme parameters have big variability and depend on the scheme parameters difficulty.

6. The monotony of the considered differential scheme is in number confirmed in all calculations. The property of variation non-increase for all specified functions limiters is in number confirmed for the onedimensional equation.

7. The constructed differential scheme at the steps on time which are not exceeding the Courant's step is monotonous and shows good exactness characteristics for different types solutions. At excess of the Courant's step the scheme remains steady, but becomes unsuitable for instability problems as monotony conditions not satisfied in this case.

Newton and quasi-Newton methods of absolute optimization based on Cholesky factorization with adaptive step and finite difference approximation of the first and the second derivatives. In order to raise effectiveness of the quasi-Newton methods a modified version of Cholesky decomposition of quasi-Newton matrix is suggested. It solves the problem of step scaling while descending, allows approximation by non-quadratic functions, and integration with confidential neighborhood method. An approach to raise Newton methods effectiveness with finite difference approximation of the first and second derivatives is offered. The results of numerical research of algorithm effectiveness are shown.

This article describes a method to model the course of forest ecosystem succession to the climax state by means of a Markov chain. In contrast to traditional methods of forest succession modelling based on changes of vegetation types, several variants of the vertical structure of communities formed by late-successional tree species are taken as the transition states of the model. Durations of succession courses from any stage are not set in absolute time units, but calculated as the average number of steps before reaching the climax in a unified time scale. The regularities of succession courses are revealed in the proper time of forest ecosystems shaping. The evidences are obtained that internal features of the spatial and population structure do stochastically determine the course and the pace of forest succession. The property of developing vegetation of forest communities is defined as an attribute of stochastic determinism in the course of autogenous succession.

The article presented the computational algorithm developed to study chemical processes in the internal flows of a multicomponent gas under the influence of laser radiation. The mathematical model is the gas dynamics’ equations with chemical reactions at low Mach numbers. It takes into account dissipative terms that describe the dynamics of a viscous heat-conducting medium with diffusion, chemical reactions and energy supply by laser radiation. This mathematical model is characterized by the presence of several very different time and spatial scales. The computational algorithm is based on a splitting scheme by physical processes. Each time integration step is divided into the following blocks: solving the equations of chemical kinetics, solving the equation for the radiation intensity, solving the convection-diffusion equations, calculating the dynamic component of pressure and calculating the correction of the velocity vector. The solution of a stiff system of chemical kinetics equations is carried out using a specialized explicit second-order accuracy scheme or a plug-in RADAU5 module. Numerical Rusanov flows and a WENO scheme of an increased order of approximation are used to find convective terms in the equations. The code based on the obtained algorithm has been developed using MPI parallel computing technology. The developed code is used to calculate the pyrolysis of ethane with radical reactions. The superequilibrium concentrations’ formation of radicals in the reactor volume is studied in detail. Numerical simulation of the reaction gas flow in a flat tube with laser radiation supply is carried out, which is in demand for the interpretation of experimental results. It is shown that laser radiation significantly increases the conversion of ethane and yields of target products at short lengths closer to the entrance to the reaction zone. Reducing the effective length of the reaction zone allows us to offer new solutions in the design of ethane conversion reactors into valuable hydrocarbons. The developed algorithm and program will find their application in the creation of new technologies of laser thermochemistry.

Although human skills are heavily involved in the Requirements Engineering process, in particular, in requirements elicitation, analysis and specification, still methodology and formalism play a determining role in providing clarity and enabling analysis. In this paper, we propose a method for deriving formal specifications, which are applicable to dependable software systems. First, we clarify what the method itself is. Computer science has a proliferation of languages and methods, but the difference between the two is not always clear. This is a conceptual contribution. Furthermore, we propose the idea of Layered Fault Tolerant Specification (LFTS). The principle consists in layering specifications in (at least) two different layers: one for normal behaviors and others (if more than one) for abnormal behaviors. Abnormal behaviors are described in terms of an Error Injector (EI), which represent a model of the expected erroneous interference coming from the environment. This structure has been inspired by the notion of an idealized Fault Tolerant component, but the combination of LFTS and EI using rely guarantee thinking to describe interference is our second contribution. The overall result is the definition of a method for the specification of systems that do not run in isolation but in the real, physical world. We propose an approach that is pragmatic to its target audience: techniques must scale and be usable by non-experts, if they are to make it into an industrial setting. This article is making tentative steps, but the recent trends in Software Engineering such as Microservices, smart and software-defined buildings, M2M micropayments and Devops are relevant fields continue the investigation concerning dependability and rely guarantee thinking.

The aim of the work is to study a monotone finite-difference scheme of the second order of accuracy, created on the basis of a generalization of the one-dimensional Z-scheme. The study was carried out for model equations of the transfer of an incompressible medium. The paper describes a two-dimensional generalization of the Z-scheme with nonlinear correction, using instead of streams oblique differences containing values from different time layers. The monotonicity of the obtained nonlinear scheme is verified numerically for the limit functions of two types, both for smooth solutions and for nonsmooth solutions, and numerical estimates of the order of accuracy of the constructed scheme are obtained.

The constructed scheme is absolutely stable, but it loses the property of monotony when the Courant step is exceeded. A distinctive feature of the proposed finite-difference scheme is the minimality of its template. The constructed numerical scheme is intended for models of plasma instabilities of various scales in the low-latitude ionospheric plasma of the Earth. One of the real problems in the solution of which such equations arise is the numerical simulation of highly nonstationary medium-scale processes in the earth’s ionosphere under conditions of the appearance of the Rayleigh – Taylor instability and plasma structures with smaller scales, the generation mechanisms of which are instabilities of other types, which leads to the phenomenon F-scattering. Due to the fact that the transfer processes in the ionospheric plasma are controlled by the magnetic field, it is assumed that the plasma incompressibility condition is fulfilled in the direction transverse to the magnetic field.

The problem of optimal control of traffic flow in an urban road network is considered. The control is carried out by varying the duration of the working phases of traffic lights at controlled intersections. A description of the control system developed is given. The control system enables the use of three types of control: open-loop, feedback and manual. In feedback control, road infrastructure detectors, video cameras, inductive loop and radar detectors are used to determine the quantitative characteristics of current traffic flow state. The quantitative characteristics of the traffic flows are fed into a mathematical model of the traffic flow, implemented in the computer environment of an automatic traffic flow control system, in order to determine the moments for switching the working phases of the traffic lights. The model is a system of finite-difference recurrent equations and describes the change in traffic flow on each road section at each time step, based on retrived data on traffic flow characteristics in the network, capacity of maneuvers and flow distribution through alternative maneuvers at intersections. The model has scaling and aggregation properties. The structure of the model depends on the structure of the graph of the controlled road network. The number of nodes in the graph is equal to the number of road sections in the considered network. The simulation of traffic flow changes in real time makes it possible to optimally determine the duration of traffic light operating phases and to provide traffic flow control with feedback based on its current state. The system of automatic collection and processing of input data for the model is presented. In order to model the states of traffic flow in the network and to solve the problem of optimal traffic flow control, the CTraf software package has been developed, a brief description of which is given in the paper. An example of the solution of the optimal control problem of traffic flows on the basis of real data in the road network of Moscow is given.