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In recent years, the use of neural network models for solving aerodynamics problems has become widespread. These models, trained on a set of previously obtained solutions, predict solutions to new problems. They are, in essence, interpolation algorithms. An alternative approach is to construct a neural network operator. This is a neural network that reproduces a numerical method used to solve a problem. It allows to find the solution in iterations. The paper considers the construction of such an operator using the UNet neural network with a spatial attention mechanism. It solves flow problems on a rectangular uniform grid that is common to a streamlined body and flow field. A correction mechanism is proposed to clarify the obtained solution. The problem of the stability of such an algorithm for solving a stationary problem is analyzed, and a comparison is made with other variants of its construction, including pushforward trick and positional encoding. The issue of selecting a set of iterations for forming a train dataset is considered, and the behavior of the solution is assessed using repeated use of a neural network operator.

A demonstration of the method is provided for the case of flow around a rounded plate with a turbulent flow, with various options for rounding, for fixed parameters of the incoming flow, with Reynolds number $\text{Re} = 10^5$ and Mach number $M = 0.15$. Since flows with these parameters of the incoming flow can be considered incompressible, only velocity components are directly studied. At the same time, the neural network model used to construct the operator has a common decoder for both velocity components. Comparison of flow fields and velocity profiles along the normal and outline of the body, obtained using a neural network operator and numerical methods, is carried out. Analysis is performed both on the plate and rounding. Simulation results confirm that the neural network operator allows finding a solution with high accuracy and stability.

The article presents the results of numerical modeling of the vortex spatial non-stationary motion of the medium arising near the lateral and bottom surfaces of the descent module during its movement in the atmosphere of Mars. The numerical study was performed for the high-speed streamline regime at various angles of attack. Mathematical modeling was carried out on the basis of the Navier – Stokes model and the model of equilibrium chemical reactions for the Martian atmosphere gas. The simulation results showed that under the considered conditions of the descent module motion, a non-stationary flow with a pronounced vortex character is realized near its lateral and bottom surfaces. Numerical calculations indicate that, depending on the angle of attack, the nonstationarity and vortex nature of the flow can manifest itself both on the entire lateral and bottom surfaces of the module, and, partially, on their leeward side. For various angles of attack, pictures of the vortex structure of the flow near the surface of the descent vehicle and in its near wake are presented, as well as pictures of the gas-dynamic parameters fields. The non-stationary nature of the flow is confirmed by the presented time dependences of the gas-dynamic parameters of the flow at various points on the module surface. The carried out parametric calculations made it possible to determine the dependence of the aerodynamic characteristics of the descent module on the angle of attack. Mathematical modeling is carried out on the basis of the conservative numerical method of fluxes, which is a finitevolume method based on a finite-difference writing of the conservation laws of additive characteristics of the medium using «upwind» approximations of stream variables. To simulate the complex vortex structure of the flow over descent module, the nonuniform computational grids are used, including up to 30 million finite volumes with exponential thickening to the surface, which made it possible to reveal small-scale vortex formations. Numerical investigations were carried out on the basis of the developed software package based on parallel algorithms of the used numerical method and implemented on modern multiprocessor computer systems. The results of numerical simulation presented in the article were obtained using up to two thousand computing cores of a multiprocessor complex.

The work is devoted to numerical modeling of two-phase flows, namely, the calculation of supersonic flow around a blunt body by a viscous gas flow with an admixture of large high inertia particles. The system of unsteady Navier – Stokes equations is numerically solved by the meshless method. It uses the cloud of points in space to represent the fields of gas parameters. The spatial derivatives of gas parameters and functions are approximated by the least square method to calculate convective and viscous fluxes in the Navier – Stokes system of equations. The convective fluxes are calculated by the HLLC method. The third-order MUSCL reconstruction scheme is used to achieve high order accuracy. The viscous fluxes are calculated by the second order approximation scheme. The streamlined body surface is represented by a model of an isothermal wall. It implements the conditions for the zero velocity and zero pressure gradient, which is also modeled using the least squares method.

Every moving body is surrounded by its own cloud of points belongs to body’s domain and moving along with it in space. The explicit three-sage Runge–Kutta method is used to solve numerically the system of gas dynamics equations in the main coordinate system and local coordinate systems of each particle.

Two methods for the moving objects modeling with reverse impact on the gas flow have been implemented. The first one uses stationary point clouds with fixed neighbors within the same domain. When regions overlap, some nodes of one domain, for example, the boundary nodes of the particle domain, are excluded from the calculation and filled with the values of gas parameters from the nearest nodes of another domain using the least squares approximation of gradients. The internal nodes of the particle domain are used to reconstruct the gas parameters in the overlapped nodes of the main domain. The second method also uses the exclusion of nodes in overlapping areas, but in this case the nodes of another domain take the place of the excluded neighbors to build a single connected cloud of nodes. At the same time, some of the nodes are moving, and some are stationary. Nodes membership to different domains and their relative speed are taken into account when calculating fluxes.

The results of modeling the motion of a particle in a stationary gas and the flow around a stationary particle by an incoming flow at the same relative velocity show good agreement for both presented methods.

In this paper, a time-dependent natural convective heat transfer in a closed square cavity filled with non- Newtonian fluid was considered in the presence of an isothermal energy source located on the lower wall of the region under consideration. The vertical boundaries were kept at constant low temperature, while the horizontal walls were completely insulated. The behavior of a non-Newtonian fluid was described by the Ostwald de Ville power law. The process under study was described by transient partial differential equations using dimensionless non-primitive variables “stream function – vorticity – temperature”. This method allows excluding the pressure field from the number of unknown parameters, while the non-dimensionalization allows generalizing the obtained results to a variety of physical formulations. The considered mathematical model with the corresponding boundary conditions was solved on the basis of the finite difference method. The algebraic equation for the stream function was solved by the method of successive lower relaxation. Discrete analogs of the vorticity equation and energy equation were solved by the Thomas algorithm. The developed numerical algorithm was tested in detail on a class of model problems and good agreement with other authors was achieved. Also during the study, the mesh sensitivity analysis was performed that allows choosing the optimal mesh.

As a result of numerical simulation of unsteady natural convection of a non-Newtonian power-law fluid in a closed square cavity with a local isothermal energy source, the influence of governing parameters was analyzed including the impact of the Rayleigh number in the range 104–106, power-law index $n = 0.6–1.4$, and also the position of the heating element on the flow structure and heat transfer performance inside the cavity. The analysis was carried out on the basis of the obtained distributions of streamlines and isotherms in the cavity, as well as on the basis of the dependences of the average Nusselt number. As a result, it was established that pseudoplastic fluids $(n < 1)$ intensify heat removal from the heater surface. The increase in the Rayleigh number and the central location of the heating element also correspond to the effective cooling of the heat source.

An algorithm is proposed to identify parameters of a 2D vortex structure used on information about the flow velocity at a finite (small) set of reference points. The approach is based on using a set of point vortices as a model system and minimizing a functional that compares the model and known sets of velocity vectors in the space of model parameters. For numerical implementation, the method of gradient descent with step size control, approximation of derivatives by finite differences, and the analytical expression of the velocity field induced by the point vortex model are used. An experimental analysis of the operation of the algorithm on test flows is carried out: one and a system of several point vortices, a Rankine vortex, and a Lamb dipole. According to the velocity fields of test flows, the velocity vectors utilized for identification were arranged in a randomly distributed set of reference points (from 3 to 200 pieces). Using the computations, it was determined that: the algorithm converges to the minimum from a wide range of initial approximations; the algorithm converges in all cases when the reference points are located in areas where the streamlines of the test and model systems are topologically equivalent; if the streamlines of the systems are not topologically equivalent, then the percentage of successful calculations decreases, but convergence can also take place; when the method converges, the coordinates of the vortices of the model system are close to the centers of the vortices of the test configurations, and in many cases, the values of their circulations also; con-vergence depends more on location than on the number of vectors used for identification. The results of the study allow us to recommend the proposed algorithm for identifying 2D vortex structures whose streamlines are topologically close to systems of point vortices.

The objective of this study is to determine the best formations for the joint movement of a group of small robots in an aquatic environment. Estimation of drag of the flow is a traditional and well-known area of research, but it is not always valid to extend the conclusions made for a single robot to a group of similar devices due to the physical effects that appear during joint movement, such as a wave shadow. For these reasons, it is necessary to study the hydrodynamic characteristics of certain robot formations as a stable structure. The hydrodynamic parameters of systems with two main types of propulsion were studied: locomotive (fishtails) and propellers. Formations similar in structure to schools of fish were mainly considered, and then their applicability for robots of different types was assessed. The relationship between the speed of movement of the group and the drag of each of its participants was also studied. Mathematical modeling of the flow around a group of robots was performed using the finite volume method using two software packages (FlowVision and OpenFoam). Robots with a screw propeller interfere with each other when packed into tight formations, and for the locomotive case, being in the disturbance zone, on the contrary, is preferable. Also, with poorly streamlined bodies, flows separating from the surface can turn into narrow turbulent jets that greatly interfere with the rear robots. It has been established that wake effect reduces energy costs only at low speeds of movement — about 5 cm/s; at high speeds, movement in columns becomes difficult for the rear robots. No large difference in frontal resistance was found between a single robot and a group for a fish-like tail. The studies made it possible to develop and substantiate recommendations for optimizing robot designs for group movement.

The given work is devoted aerodynamic properties of system of the bodies which are flowed round by a supersonic stream. The question on reduction of mutual influence with increase in the size characterising scattering of elements of system is considered. The method of construction of a grid is applied to current modeling from a set of grids. One of grids, regular with rectangular cells, is responsible for an interference between bodies
and serves for the description of an external nonviscous current. Other grids are  connected with surfaces of streamline bodies and allow to describe viscous layers about streamline bodies. These grids are imposed on the first, without combination of any knots. Boundary conditions are realized through interpolation of functions on borders from one grid on another.

Numerical analysis of the effects of the local heat source shape on transient natural convection in a square enclosure has been carried out. The local heat source has rectangular, triangular and trapezoidal shape. The boundary value problem formulated in the dimensionless variables such as stream function, vorticity and temperature by using the Boussinesq approximation has been solved by means of finite difference method. Distributions of streamlines and isotherms and time dependences for the average Nusselt number along the heat source surface in a wide range of governing parameters have been obtained.

The paper considers the problem of stationary mixed convection and heat transfer of a viscous heatconducting fluid in a plane square lid-driven cavity. The hot top cover of the cavity has any temperature $T_\mathrm{H}$ and cold bottom wall has temperature $T_\mathrm{0} (T_\mathrm{H} > T_\mathrm{0})$, whereas in contrast the side walls are insulated. The fact that the fluid density can take arbitrary values depending on the amount of overheating of the cavity cover is a feature of the problem. The mathematical formulation includes the Navier–Stokes equations in the ’velocity–pressure’ variables and the heat balance equation which take into account the incompressibility of the fluid flow and the influence of volumetric buoyancy force. The difference approximation of the original differential equations has been performed by the control volume method. Numerical solutions of the problem have been obtained on the $501 \times 501$ grid for the following values of similarity parameters: Prandtl number Pr = 0.70; Reynolds number Re = 100 and 1000; Richardson number Ri = 0.1, 1, and 10; and the relative cover overheating $(T_\mathrm{H}-T_\mathrm{0})/T_\mathrm{0} = 0, 1, 2, 3$. Detailed flow patterns in the form of streamlines and isotherms of relative overheating of the fluid flow are given in the work. It is shown that the increase in the value of the Richardson number (the increase in the influence of buoyancy force) leads to a fundamental change in the structure of the liquid stream. It is also found out that taking into account the variability of the liquid density leads to weakening of the influence of Ri growth on the transformation of the flow structure. The change in density in a closed volume is the cause of this weakening, since it always leads to the existence of zones with negative buoyancy in the presence of a volumetric force. As a consequence, the competition of positive and negative volumetric forces leads in general to weakening of the buoyancy effect. The behaviors of heat exchange coefficient (Nusselt number) and coefficient of friction along the bottom wall of the cavity depending on the parameters of the problem are also analyzed. It is revealed that the greater the values of the Richardson number are, the greater, ceteris paribus, the influence of density variation on these coefficients is.