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This paper considers various approaches to averaging the generalized travel costs calculated for different modes of travel in the transportation network. The mode of transportation is understood to mean both the mode of transport, for example, a car or public transport, and movement without the use of transport, for example, on foot. The task of calculating the trip matrices includes the task of calculating the total matrices, in other words, estimating the total demand for movements by all modes, as well as the task of splitting the matrices according to the mode, also called modal splitting. To calculate trip matrices, gravitational, entropy and other models are used, in which the probability of movement between zones is estimated based on a certain measure of the distance of these zones from each other. Usually, the generalized cost of moving along the optimal path between zones is used as a distance measure. However, the generalized cost of movement differs for different modes of movement. When calculating the total trip matrices, it becomes necessary to average the generalized costs by modes of movement. The averaging procedure is subject to the natural requirement of monotonicity in all arguments. This requirement is not met by some commonly used averaging methods, for example, averaging with weights. The problem of modal splitting is solved by applying the methods of discrete choice theory. In particular, within the framework of the theory of discrete choice, correct methods have been developed for averaging the utility of alternatives that are monotonic in all arguments. The authors propose some adaptation of the methods of the theory of discrete choice for application to the calculation of the average cost of movements in the gravitational and entropy models. The transfer of averaging formulas from the context of the modal splitting model to the trip matrix calculation model requires the introduction of new parameters and the derivation of conditions for the possible value of these parameters, which was done in this article. The issues of recalibration of the gravitational function, which is necessary when switching to a new averaging method, if the existing function is calibrated taking into account the use of the weighted average cost, were also considered. The proposed methods were implemented on the example of a small fragment of the transport network. The results of calculations are presented, demonstrating the advantage of the proposed methods.

The paper formulates a mathematical model for hydroelastic oscillations of a plate resting on a nonlinear hardening elastic foundation and interacting with a pulsating fluid layer. The main feature of the proposed model, unlike the wellknown ones, is the joint consideration of the elastic properties of the plate, the nonlinearity of elastic foundation, as well as the dissipative properties of the fluid and the inertia of its motion. The model is represented by a system of equations for a twodimensional hydroelasticity problem including dynamics equation of Kirchhoff’s plate resting on the elastic foundation with hardening cubic nonlinearity, Navier – Stokes equations, and continuity equation. This system is supplemented by boundary conditions for plate deflections and fluid pressure at plate ends, as well as for fluid velocities at the bounding walls. The model was investigated by perturbation method with subsequent use of iteration method for the equations of thin layer of viscous fluid. As a result, the fluid pressure distribution at the plate surface was obtained and the transition to an integrodifferential equation describing bending hydroelastic oscillations of the plate is performed. This equation is solved by the Bubnov –Galerkin method using the harmonic balance method to determine the primary hydroelastic response of the plate and phase response due to the given harmonic law of fluid pressure pulsation at plate ends. It is shown that the original problem can be reduced to the study of the generalized Duffing equation, in which the coefficients at inertial, dissipative and stiffness terms are determined by the physical and mechanical parameters of the original system. The primary hydroelastic response and phases response for the plate are found. The numerical study of these responses is performed for the cases of considering the inertia of fluid motion and the creeping fluid motion for the nonlinear and linearly elastic foundation of the plate. The results of the calculations showed the need to jointly consider the viscosity and inertia of the fluid motion together with the elastic properties of the plate and its foundation, both for nonlinear and linear vibrations of the plate.

The development of a high-temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTGR) constituting a part of nuclear power-and-process station and intended for large-scale hydrogen production is now in progress in the Russian Federation. One of the key objectives in development of the high-temperature gas-cooled reactor is the computational justification of the accepted design.

The article gives the procedure for the computational analysis of thermal and physical characteristics of the high-temperature gas-cooled reactor. The procedure is based on the use of the state-of-the-art codes for personal computer (PC).

The objective of thermal and physical analysis of the reactor as a whole and of the core in particular was achieved in three stages. The idea of the first stage is to justify the neutron physical characteristics of the block-type core during burn-up with the use of the MCU-HTR code based on the Monte Carlo method. The second and the third stages are intended to study the coolant flow and the temperature condition of the reactor and the core in 3D with the required degree of detailing using the FlowVision and the ANSYS codes.

For the purpose of carrying out the analytical studies the computational models of the reactor flow path and the fuel assembly column were developed.

As per the results of the computational modeling the design of the support columns and the neutron physical characteristics of the fuel assembly were optimized. This results in the reduction of the total hydraulic resistance of the reactor and decrease of the maximum temperature of the fuel elements.

The dependency of the maximum fuel temperature on the value of the power peaking factors determined by the arrangement of the absorber rods and of the compacts of burnable absorber in the fuel assembly is demonstrated.

We present a novel model for the dynamical trap of the stimulus – response type that mimics human control over dynamic systems when the bounded capacity of human cognition is a crucial factor. Our focus lies on scenarios where the subject modulates a control variable in response to a certain stimulus. In this context, the bounded capacity of human cognition manifests in the uncertainty of stimulus perception and the subsequent actions of the subject. The model suggests that when the stimulus intensity falls below the (blurred) threshold of stimulus perception, the subject suspends the control and maintains the control variable near zero with accuracy determined by the control uncertainty. As the stimulus intensity grows above the perception uncertainty and becomes accessible to human cognition, the subject activates control. Consequently, the system dynamics can be conceptualized as an alternating sequence of passive and active modes of control with probabilistic transitions between them. Moreover, these transitions are expected to display hysteresis due to decision-making inertia.

Generally, the passive and active modes of human control are governed by different mechanisms, posing challenges in developing efficient algorithms for their description and numerical simulation. The proposed model overcomes this problem by introducing the dynamical trap of the stimulus-response type, which has a complex structure. The dynamical trap region includes two subregions: the stagnation region and the hysteresis region. The model is based on the formalism of stochastic differential equations, capturing both probabilistic transitions between control suspension and activation as well as the internal dynamics of these modes within a unified framework. It reproduces the expected properties in control suspension and activation, probabilistic transitions between them, and hysteresis near the perception threshold. Additionally, in a limiting case, the model demonstrates the capability of mimicking a similar subject’s behavior when (1) the active mode represents an open-loop implementation of locally planned actions and (2) the control activation occurs only when the stimulus intensity grows substantially and the risk of the subject losing the control over the system dynamics becomes essential.

This work gives results of numerical simulation of a superconducting magnetic focusing system. While modeling this system, special care was taken to achieve approximation accuracy over the condition u(∞)=0 by using Richardson method. The work presents the results of comparison of the magnetic field calculated distribution with measurements of the field performed on a modified magnet SP-40 of “MARUSYA” physical installation. This work also presents some results of numeric analysis of magnetic systems of “MARUSYA” physical installation with the purpose to study an opportunity of designing magnetic systems with predetermined characteristics of the magnetic field.

This article is devoted to the problem of mathematical modeling of nonferrous metal casting and investigation of the influence of main technological parameters on the cooling process of continuously casted copper under down-draw and up-draw.

A correct model of lipid molecule (distearoylphosphatidylcholine, DSPC) and lipid membrane in water was constructed. Model lipid membrane is stable and has a reliable energy distribution among degrees of freedom. Also after equilibration model system has spatial parameters very similar to those of real DSPC membrane in liquid-crystalline phase. This model was used for studying of lipid membrane permeability to oxygen and water molecules and sodium ion. We obtained the values for transmembrane mobility and diffusion coefficients profiles, which we used for effective permeability coefficients calculation. We found lipid membranes to have significant diffusional resistance to penetration not only by charged particles, such as ions, but also by nonpolar molecules, such as oxygen molecule. We propose theoretical approach for calculation of particle flow across a membrane, as well as methods for estimation of distribution coefficients between bilayer and water phase.

Charge transfer in DNA is simulated by a discrete Holstein model «quantum particle + classical site chain + interaction». Thermostat temperature is taken into account as stochastic force, which acts on classical sites (Langevin equation). Thus dynamics of charge migration along the chain is described by ODE system with stochastic right-hand side. To integrate the system numerically, algorithms of order 1 or 2 are usually applied. We developed «mixed» algorithm having 4th order of accuracy for fast «quantum» variables (note that in quantum subsystem the condition «sum of probabilities of charge being on site is time-constant» must be held), and 2nd order for slow classical variables, which are affecting by stochastic force. The algorithm allows us to calculate trajectories on longer time intervals as compared to standard algorithms. Model calculations of polaron disruption in homogeneous chain caused by temperature fluctuations are given as an example.

The difference scheme for numerical solution of a time-dependant system of two Schrödinger equations with the operator of a spin-orbit interaction for a two-component spinor wave function is offered on the basis of a split method for a time-dependant Schrödinger equations. The computer simulation of the external neutrons’ wave functions evolution with different values of the full moment projection upon internuclear axis and probabilities of their transfer are executed for head-on collisions of ¹⁸O and ⁵⁸Ni nuclei.

We derive a new model of circadian oscillations in Neurospora crassa, which is suitable to analyze both temporal and spatial dynamics of proteins responsible for mechanism of rythms. The model is based on the non-linear interplay between proteins FRQ and WCC which are products of transcription of frequency and white collar genes forming a feedback loop comprised both positive and negative elements. The main component of oscillations mechanism is supposed to be time-delay in biochemical reactions of transcription. We show that the model accounts for various features observed in Neurospora’s experiments such as entrainment by light cycles, phase shift under light pulse, robustness to action of fluctuations and so on. Wave patterns excited during spatial development of the system are studied. It is shown that the wave of synchronization of biorythms arises under basal transcription factors.