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Numerical investigation of mixing non-isothermal streams of sodium coolant in a T-branch is carried out in the FlowVision CFD software. This study is aimed at argumentation of applicability of different approaches to prediction of oscillating behavior of the flow in the mixing zone and simulation of temperature pulsations. The following approaches are considered: URANS (Unsteady Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokers), LES (Large Eddy Simulation) and quasi-DNS (Direct Numerical Simulation). One of the main tasks of the work is detection of the advantages and drawbacks of the aforementioned approaches.

Numerical investigation of temperature pulsations, arising in the liquid and T-branch walls from the mixing of non-isothermal streams of sodium coolant was carried out within a mathematical model assuming that the flow is turbulent, the fluid density does not depend on pressure, and that heat exchange proceeds between the coolant and T-branch walls. Model LMS designed for modeling turbulent heat transfer was used in the calculations within URANS approach. The model allows calculation of the Prandtl number distribution over the computational domain.

Preliminary study was dedicated to estimation of the influence of computational grid on the development of oscillating flow and character of temperature pulsation within the aforementioned approaches. The study resulted in formulation of criteria for grid generation for each approach.

Then, calculations of three flow regimes have been carried out. The regimes differ by the ratios of the sodium mass flow rates and temperatures at the T-branch inlets. Each regime was calculated with use of the URANS, LES and quasi-DNS approaches.

At the final stage of the work analytical comparison of numerical and experimental data was performed. Advantages and drawbacks of each approach to simulation of mixing non-isothermal streams of sodium coolant in the T-branch are revealed and formulated.

It is shown that the URANS approach predicts the mean temperature distribution with a reasonable accuracy. It requires essentially less computational and time resources compared to the LES and DNS approaches. The drawback of this approach is that it does not reproduce pulsations of velocity, pressure and temperature.

The LES and DNS approaches also predict the mean temperature with a reasonable accuracy. They provide oscillating solutions. The obtained amplitudes of the temperature pulsations exceed the experimental ones. The spectral power densities in the check points inside the sodium flow agree well with the experimental data. However, the expenses of the computational and time resources essentially exceed those for the URANS approach in the performed numerical experiments: 350 times for LES and 1500 times for ·DNS.

The paper develops a new mathematical method of the joint signal and noise calculation at the Rice statistical distribution based on combing the maximum likelihood method and the method of moments. The calculation of the sough-for values of signal and noise is implemented by processing the sampled measurements of the analyzed Rician signal’s amplitude. The explicit equations’ system has been obtained for required signal and noise parameters and the results of its numerical solution are provided confirming the efficiency of the proposed technique. It has been shown that solving the two-parameter task by means of the proposed technique does not lead to the increase of the volume of demanded calculative resources if compared with solving the task in one-parameter approximation. An analytical solution of the task has been obtained for the particular case of small value of the signal-to-noise ratio. The paper presents the investigation of the dependence of the sought for parameters estimation accuracy and dispersion on the quantity of measurements in experimental sample. According to the results of numerical experiments, the dispersion values of the estimated sought-for signal and noise parameters calculated by means of the proposed technique change in inverse proportion to the quantity of measurements in a sample. There has been implemented a comparison of the accuracy of the soughtfor Rician parameters’ estimation by means of the proposed technique and by earlier developed version of the method of moments. The problem having been considered in the paper is meaningful for the purposes of Rician data processing, in particular, at the systems of magnetic-resonance visualization, in devices of ultrasonic visualization, at optical signals’ analysis in range-measuring systems, at radar signals’ analysis, as well as at solving many other scientific and applied tasks that are adequately described by the Rice statistical model.

A previously developed model that describes the dynamics of social tension in a society divided into two groups: the elite and the people was considered. This model took into account the impact of economic situation changes and the elite–people interaction. The model has been modified by including in the equation describing the tension of the people, a term that takes into account the adaptation of the people to the current situation.

The model coefficients estimation is an important task, the solution of which allows obtaining information about the nature of the interaction between elite and people. We believe that the solution of the system of model equations with optimal coefficients is closest to the values of the indicator characterizing social tension. We used the normalized level of homicide rate as an indicator of social tension.

The model contains seven coefficients. Two coefficients characterizing the influence of economic situation changes on elite and people are taken equal to each other and the same for all countries. We obtained their estimations using a simplified model that takes into account only the change in the economic situation and allows an analytical solution.

The Bayesian approach was used to estimate the remaining five coefficients of model for post-Soviet countries. The prior probability densities of the four coefficients for all countries under consideration were taken to be the same. The prior probability density of fifth coefficient was considered to depend on the regime of government (authoritarian or «transitional»). We assumed that the calculated tension matches with the corresponding indicator of tension in cases where the difference between them does not exceed 5%.

The calculations showed that for the post-Soviet countries, a good coincidence was obtained between the calculated values of the people tension and the normalized level of homicide rate. The coincidence is satisfactory only on average.

The following main results was obtained at the work: under the influence of some «significant» events in 40% of post-Soviet countries, there was a rapid change in the nature of interaction between the elite and the people; regional feature have some influence on the elite–people interaction; the type of government does not significantly affect the elite–people interaction; the method for assessing the stability of the country by the value of the model coefficients is proposed.

The paper considers the adequacy of the model developed earlier by the author for the analysis of income inequality and based on an empirically confirmed hypothesis that the relative (to the income of the richest group) income values of 20% population groups in total income can be represented as a finite functional sequence, each member of which depends on one parameter — a specially defined indicator of inequality. It is shown that in addition to the existing methods of inequality analysis, the model makes it possible to estimate with the help of analytical expressions the income shares of 20%, 10% and smaller groups of the population for different levels of inequality, as well as to identify how they change with the growth of inequality, to estimate the level of inequality for known ratios between the incomes of different groups of the population, etc.

The paper provides a more detailed confirmation of the proposed model adequacy in comparison with the previously obtained results of statistical analysis of empirical data on the distribution of income between the 20% and 10% population groups. It is based on the analysis of certain ratios between the values of quintiles and deciles according to the proposed model. The verification of these ratios was carried out using a set of data for a large number of countries and the estimates obtained confirm the sufficiently high accuracy of the model.

Data are presented that confirm the possibility of using the model to analyze the dependence of income distribution by population groups on the level of inequality, as well as to estimate the inequality indicator for income ratios between different groups, including variants when the income of the richest 20% is equal to the income of the poor 60 %, income of the middle class 40% or income of the rest 80% of the population, as well as when the income of the richest 10% is equal to the income of the poor 40 %, 50% or 60%, to the income of various middle class groups, etc., as well as for cases, when the distribution of income obeys harmonic proportions and when the quintiles and deciles corresponding to the middle class reach a maximum. It is shown that the income shares of the richest middle class groups are relatively stable and have a maximum at certain levels of inequality.

The results obtained with the help of the model can be used to determine the standards for developing a policy of gradually increasing the level of progressive taxation in order to move to the level of inequality typical of countries with social oriented economy.

Instrument of numerical-analytical modeling of characteristics of propagation of electromagnetic waves in chaotic space plasma with taking into account effects of gravitation is developed for interpretation of data of measurements of astrophysical precision instruments of new education. The task of propagation of waves in curved (Riemann’s) space is solved in Euclid’s space by introducing of the effective index of refraction of vacuum. The gravitational potential can be calculated for various model of distribution of mass of astrophysical objects and at solution of Poisson’s equation. As a result the effective index of refraction of vacuum can be evaluated. Approximate model of the effective index of refraction is suggested with condition that various objects additively contribute in total gravitational field. Calculation of the characteristics of electromagnetic waves in the gravitational field of astrophysical objects is performed by the approximation of geometrical optics with condition that spatial scales of index of refraction a lot more wavelength. Light differential equations in Euler’s form are formed the basis of numerical-analytical instrument of modeling of trajectory characteristic of waves. Chaotic inhomogeneities of space plasma are introduced by model of spatial correlation function of index of refraction. Calculations of refraction scattering of waves are performed by the approximation of geometrical optics. Integral equations for statistic moments of lateral deviations of beams in picture plane of observer are obtained. Integrals for moments are reduced to system of ordinary differential equations the firsts order with using analytical transformations for cooperative numerical calculation of arrange and meansquare deviations of light. Results of numerical-analytical modeling of trajectory picture of propagation of electromagnetic waves in interstellar space with taking into account impact of gravitational fields of space objects and refractive scattering of waves on inhomogeneities of index of refraction of surrounding plasma are shown. Based on the results of modeling quantitative estimation of conditions of stochastic blurring of the effect of gravitational lensing of electromagnetic waves at various frequency ranges is performed. It’s shown that operating frequencies of meter range of wavelengths represent conditional low-frequency limit for observational of the effect of gravitational lensing in stochastic space plasma. The offered instrument of numerical-analytical modeling can be used for analyze of structure of electromagnetic radiation of quasar propagating through group of galactic.

This study proposes and analyzes a discrete-time mathematical model of population dynamics with seasonal reproduction, taking into account the density-dependent regulation and sex structure. In the model, population birth rate depends on the number of females, while density is regulated through juvenile survival, which decreases exponentially with increasing total population size. Analytical and numerical investigations of the model demonstrate that when more than half of both females and males survive, the population exhibits stable dynamics even at relatively high birth rates. Oscillations arise when the limitation of female survival exceeds that of male survival. Increasing the intensity of male survival limitation can stabilize population dynamics, an effect particularly evident when the proportion of female offspring is low. Depending on parameter values, the model exhibits stable, periodic, or irregular dynamics, including multistability, where changes in current population size driven by external factors can shift the system between coexisting dynamic modes. To apply the model to real populations, we propose an approach for estimating demographic parameters based on total abundance data. The key idea is to reduce the two-component discrete model with sex structure to a delay equation dependent only on total population size. In this formulation, the initial sex structure is expressed through total abundance and depends on demographic parameters. The resulting one-dimensional equation was applied to describe and estimate demographic characteristics of ungulate populations in the Jewish Autonomous Region. The delay equation provides a good fit to the observed dynamics of ungulate populations, capturing long-term trends in abundance. Point estimates of parameters fall within biologically meaningful ranges and produce population dynamics consistent with field observations. For moose, roe deer, and musk deer, the model suggests predominantly stable dynamics, while annual fluctuations are primarily driven by external factors and represent deviations from equilibrium. Overall, these estimates enable the analysis of structured population dynamics alongside short-term forecasting based on total abundance data.

A mathematical model that reflects the main features of the protests is constructed in this paper. An analytical solution was found with assuming that only excited part of the population involved in protests. The numerical value of the model coefficients was estimated from the real data for the cascade of protests that took place in Leipzig in 1989. The changes of the participants number in the protest action with influence the model coefficients was analysed.

The model of the process of using machinery and equipment is considered, which takes into account the probabilistic nature of the process of their operation and sale. It takes into account the possibility of random hidden failures, after which the condition of the machine deteriorates abruptly, as well as the randomly arising need for premature (before the end of its service life) sale of the machine, which requires, generally speaking, random time. The model is focused on assessing the market value and service life of machines in accordance with International Valuation Standards. Strictly speaking, the market value of a used machine depends on its technical condition, but in practice, appraisers only take into account its age, since generally accepted measures of the technical condition of machines do not yet exist. As a result, the market value of a used machine is assumed to be equal to the average market value of similar machines of the corresponding age. For these purposes, appraisers use coefficients that reflect the influence of the age of machines on their market value. Such coefficients are not always justified and do not take into account either the degradation of the machine or the probabilistic nature of the process of its use. The proposed model is based on the anticipation of benefits principle. In it, we characterize the state of the machine by the intensity of the benefits it brings. The machine is subjected to a complex Poisson failure process, and after failure its condition abruptly worsens and may even reach its limit. Situations also arise that preclude further use of the machine by its owner. In such situations, the owner puts the machine up for sale before the end of its service life (prematurely), and the sale requires a random timing. The model allows us to take into account the influence of such situations and construct an analytical relationship linking the market value of a machine with its condition, and calculate the average coefficients of change in the market value of machines with age. At the same time, it is also possible to take into account the influence of inflation and the scrap cost of the machine. We have found that the rate of prematurely sales has a significant impact on the cost of new and used machines. The model also allows us to take into account the influence of inflation and the scrap value of the machine. We have found that the rate of premature sales has a significant impact on the service life and market value of new and used machines. At the same time, the dependence of the market value of machines on age is largely determined by the coefficient of variation of the service life of the machines. The results obtained allow us to obtain more reasonable estimates of the market value of machines, including for the purposes of the system of national accounts.

Modeling the fight against terrorist, pirate and robbery acts at sea is an urgent scientific task due to the prevalence of force acts and the insufficient number of works on this issue. The actions of pirates and terrorists are diverse. Using a base ship, they can attack ships up to 450–500 miles from the coast. Having chosen the target, they pursue it and use the weapons to board the ship. Actions to free a ship captured by pirates or terrorists include: blocking the ship, predicting where pirates might be on the ship, penetrating (from board to board, by air or from under water) and cleaning up the ship’s premises. An analysis of the special literature on the actions of pirates and terrorists showed that the act of force (and actions to neutralize it) consists of two stages: firstly, blocking the vessel, which consists in forcing it to stop, and secondly, neutralizing the team (terrorist groups, pirates), including penetration of a ship (ship) and its cleaning. The stages of the cycle are matched by indicators — the probability of blocking and the probability of neutralization. The variables of the act of force model are the number of ships (ships, boats) of the attackers and defenders, as well as the strength of the capture group of the attackers and the crew of the ship - the victim of the attack. Model parameters (indicators of naval and combat superiority) were estimated using the maximum likelihood method using an international database of incidents at sea. The values of these parameters are 7.6–8.5. Such high values of superiority parameters reflect the parties' ability to act in force acts. An analytical method for calculating excellence parameters is proposed and statistically substantiated. The following indicators are taken into account in the model: the ability of the parties to detect the enemy, the speed and maneuverability characteristics of the vessels, the height of the vessel and the characteristics of the boarding equipment, the characteristics of weapons and protective equipment, etc. Using the Becker model and the theory of discrete choice, the probability of failure of the force act is estimated. The significance of the obtained models for combating acts of force in the sea space lies in the possibility of quantitative substantiation of measures to protect the ship from pirate and terrorist attacks and deterrence measures aimed at preventing attacks (the presence of armed guards on board the ship, assistance from warships and helicopters).

The study of the mechanism for the development of mass panic in view of its extreme importance and social danger is an important scientific task. Available information about the mechanism of her development is based mainly on the work of psychologists and belongs to the category of inaccurate. Therefore, the theory of fuzzy sets has been chosen as a tool for developing a mathematical model of a person's susceptibility to panic situations. As a result of the study, an fuzzy model was developed, consisting of blocks: “Fuzzyfication”, where the degree of belonging of the values of the input parameters to fuzzy sets is calculated; “Inference” where, based on the degree of belonging of the input parameters, the resulting function of belonging of the output value to an odd model is calculated; “Defuzzyfication”, where using the center of gravity method, the only quantitative value of the output variable characterizing a person's susceptibility to panic situations is determined Since the real quantitative values for linguistic variables mental properties of a person are unknown, then to assess the quality of the developed model, without endangering people, it is not possible. Therefore, the quality of the results of fuzzy modeling was estimated by the calculated value of the determination coefficient R2, which showed that the developed fuzzy model belongs to the category of good quality models $(R^2 = 0.93)$, which confirms the legitimacy of the assumptions made during her development. In accordance with to the results of the simulation, human susceptibility to panic situations for sanguinics and cholerics can be attributed to “increased” (0.88), and for phlegmatics and melancholics — to “moderate” (0.38). This means that cholerics and sanguinics can become epicenters of panic and the initiators of stampede, and phlegmatics and melancholics — obstacles to evacuation routes. What should be taken into account when developing effective evacuation measures, the main task of which is to quickly and safely evacuate people from adverse conditions. In the approved methods, the calculation of normative values of safety parameters is based on simplified analytical models of human flow movement, because a large number of factors have to be taken into account, some of which are quantitatively uncertain. The obtained result in the form of quantitative estimates of a person's susceptibility to panic situations will increase the accuracy of calculations.