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The paper is devoted to the study of wave and relaxation effects during the pulsed outflow of a gas mixture with a high content of solid particles from a cylindrical channel during its initial partial filling. The problem is formulated in a two-speed two-temperature formulation and was solved numerically by the hybrid large-particle method of the second order of approximation. The numerical algorithm is implemented in the form of parallel computing using basic Free Pascal language tools. The applicability and accuracy of the method for wave flows of concentrated gas-particles mixtures is confirmed by comparison with test asymptotically accurate solutions. The calculation error on a grid of low detail in the characteristic flow zones of a two-phase medium was 10^-6 . . . 10^-5.

Based on the wave diagram, the analysis of the physical pattern of the outflow of a gas suspension partially filling a cylindrical channel is performed. It is established that, depending on the degree of initial filling of the channel, various outflow modes are formed. The first mode is implemented with a small degree of loading of the high-pressure chamber, at which the left boundary of the gas-particles mixture crosses the outlet section before the arrival of the rarefaction wave reflected from the bottom of the channel. At the same time, the maximum value of the mass flow rate of the mixture is achieved. Other modes are formed in cases of a larger initial filling of the channel, when the rarefaction waves reflected from the bottom of the channel interact with the gas suspension layer and reduce the intensity of its outflow.

The influence of relaxation properties with changing particle size on the dynamics of a limited layer of a gas-dispersed medium is studied. Comparison of the outflow of a limited gas suspension layer with different particle sizes shows that for small particles (the Stokes number is less than 0.001), an anomalous phenomenon of the simultaneous existence of shock wave structures in the supersonic and subsonic flow of gas and suspension is observed. With an increase in the size of dispersed inclusions, the compaction jumps in the region of the two-phase mixture are smoothed out, and for particles (the Stokes number is greater than 0.1), they practically disappear. At the same time, the shock-wave configuration of the supersonic gas flow at the outlet of the channel is preserved, and the positions and boundaries of the energy-carrying volumes of the gas suspension are close when the particle sizes change.

We present an inhomogeneous two-dimensional network model of two-phase flow in porous media. The edges of the network are assumed to be capillary tubes of different radii. We propose a new algorithm for handling phase fluxes at the nodes of this network model. We perform two test problems and show that the two-phase flow in this inhomogeneous network model demonstrates properties that are analogous to those of real porous media: capillary imbibition, dependence of capillary pressure on saturation and effect of capillary forces in two-phase displacement. The two test problems are: the counter-current imbibition and the twophase displacement in a periodically inhomogeneous porous medium. In the former problem, we implement a network consisting of two regions: a region of low-permeability with thin capillaries surrounded by a region of high-permeability with thick capillaries, initially saturated with wetting and nonwetting incompressible fluids, respectively. Capillary equilibrium is established due to counter-current imbibition by a region. We examine the dependence: of saturation of the wetting fluid with respect to time in the regions, and of capillary pressure on the current saturation. We have obtained a qualitative agreement with the known experimental and theoretical results, which will further allow us to use this network model to verify homogenized models of capillary nonequilibrium. In the latter problem, we consider the two-phase displacement, where the network is initially saturated with nonwetting fluid. Then wetting fluid is injected through a boundary at a constant rate. We analyze the saturation with respect to the axis which is along the applied pressure gradient for various moments in time with various values of coefficients of surface tension. The results show that for lower values of coefficient of surface tension, the wetting fluid prefers to invade through the thicker tubes, and in the case of higher values, through thinner tubes.

The article considers the mathematical aspects of the problem of identifying a multicomponent scattering medium based on pulsed multienergy X-ray irradiation data. X-ray diagnostics problems are of considerable interest from both theoretical and practical points of view, and radiographic methods are indispensable in non-destructive testing of products.

Within the framework of a mathematical model based on a non-stationary integro-differential equation of radiation transfer, the inverse problem of finding the attenuation coefficient for radiation known at the boundary of the region and the problem of identifying a substance based on the found values of the attenuation coefficient on a discrete set of irradiation energies of the medium are formulated.

A preliminary processing of a wide list of substances of interest in computed tomography was carried out to determine the possibility of their identification by an approximately specified radiation attenuation coefficient characterizing the medium. When analyzing the degree of proximity of substances in a certain norm, it was found that the set of all possible substances potentially contained in the medium is divided into a finite number of non-intersecting clusters. For a sufficiently short duration of the probing signal, the scattering component of the radiation leaving the medium is asymptotically small. This circumstance allows us to reduce the inverse problem for the radiation transfer equation to the problem of inverting the Radon transform from the attenuation coefficient. The possibility of unambiguous or partial identification of a substance by varying the duration of the probing pulse and the number of energy levels of irradiation of the medium is analyzed using numerical modeling methods on a specially developed digital phantom.

The key problems of remote forest pathology monitoring for coniferous forests affected by insect pests have been analyzed. It has been demonstrated that addressing these tasks requires the use of multiclass classification results for coniferous trees in high- and ultra-high-resolution images, which are promptly obtained through monitoring via satellites or unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). An analytical review of modern models and methods for multiclass classification of coniferous forest images was conducted, leading to the development of three fully convolutional neural network models: Mo-U-Net, At-Mo-U-Net, and Res-Mo-U-Net, all based on the classical U-Net architecture. Additionally, the Segformer transformer model was modified to suit the task. For RGB images of fir trees Abies sibirica affected by the four-eyed bark beetle Polygraphus proximus, captured using a UAV-mounted camera, two datasets were created: the first dataset contains image fragments and their corresponding reference segmentation masks sized 256 × 256 × 3 pixels, while the second dataset contains fragments sized 480 × 480 × 3 pixels. Comprehensive studies were conducted on each trained neural network model to evaluate both classification accuracy for assessing the degree of damage (health status) of Abies sibirica trees and computation speed using test datasets from each set. The results revealed that for fragments sized 256 × 256 × 3 pixels, the At-Mo-U-Net model with an attention mechanism is preferred alongside the Modified Segformer model. For fragments sized 480 × 480 × 3 pixels, the Res-Mo-U-Net hybrid model with residual blocks demonstrated superior performance. Based on classification accuracy and computation speed results for each developed model, it was concluded that, for production-scale multiclass classification of affected fir trees, the Res-Mo-U-Net model is the most suitable choice. This model strikes a balance between high classification accuracy and fast computation speed, meeting conflicting requirements effectively.

This paper investigates the effectiveness of Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) combined with various Large Language Models (LLMs) for document retrieval and information access in corporate information systems. We survey typical use-cases of LLMs in enterprise environments, outline the RAG architecture, and discuss the major challenges that arise when integrating LLMs into a RAG pipeline. A system architecture is proposed that couples a text-vector encoder with an LLM. The encoder builds a vector database that indexes a library of corporate documents. For every user query, relevant contextual fragments are retrieved from this library via the FAISS engine and appended to the prompt given to the LLM. The LLM then generates an answer grounded in the supplied context. The overall structure and workflow of the proposed RAG solution are described in detail. To justify the choice of the generative component, we benchmark a set of widely used LLMs — ChatGPT, GigaChat, YandexGPT, Llama, Mistral, Qwen, and others — when employed as the answer-generation module. Using an expert-annotated test set of queries, we evaluate the accuracy, completeness, linguistic quality, and conciseness of the responses. Model-specific characteristics and average response latencies are analysed; the study highlights the significant influence of available GPU memory on the throughput of local LLM deployments. An overall ranking of the models is derived from an aggregated quality metric. The results confirm that the proposed RAG architecture provides efficient document retrieval and information delivery in corporate environments. Future research directions include richer context augmentation techniques and a transition toward agent-based LLM architectures. The paper concludes with practical recommendations on selecting an optimal RAG–LLM configuration to ensure fast and precise access to enterprise knowledge assets.

Langevin Dynamics, Monte Carlo, and all-atom Molecular Dynamics simulations in implicit solvent require a reliable source of pseudorandom numbers generated at each step of calculation. We present the two main approaches for implementation of pseudorandom number generators on a GPU. In the first approach, inherent in CPU-based calculations, one PRNG produces a stream of pseudorandom numbers in each thread of execution, whereas the second approach builds on the ability of different threads to communicate, thus, sharing random seeds across the entire device. We exemplify the use of these approaches through the development of Ran2, Hybrid Taus, and Lagged Fibonacci algorithms. As an application-based test of randomness, we carry out LD simulations of N independent harmonic oscillators coupled to a stochastic thermostat. This model allows us to assess statistical quality of pseudorandom numbers. We also profile performance of these generators in terms of the computational time, memory usage, and the speedup factor (CPU/GPU time).

We schedule the computer technology for present the engineer psychology tests which reveal probationer men which may hasten the logic task solution by simultaneous execution several standard logic operations. These tests based on the theory of two logic task kinds: in first kind the parallel logic is effectively, and in second kind it is not effectively. The realize experiment confirms the capability parallel logic for impotent part of people. The vital speedup execution of logic operations is very uncommon in simultaneous logic. The efficacy of methodic is confirmed.

The article describes the state of the art computer simulation in the field of metal forming processes, the main problem points of traditional methods were identified. The method, that allows to predict the deformation distribution in the volume of deformable metal with taking into account of microstructure behavioral characteristics in deformation load conditions, was described. The method for optimizing computational resources of multiscale models by using statistical similar representative volume elements (SSRVE) was presented. The modeling methods were tested on the process of single pass drawing of round rod from steel grade 20. In a comparative analysis of macro and micro levels models differences in quantitative terms of the stress-strain state and their local distribution have been identified. Microlevel model also allowed to detect the compressive stresses and strains, which were absent at the macro level model. Applying the SSRVE concept repeatedly lowered the calculation time of the model while maintaining the overall accuracy.

In the present paper, we discuss the possibility of a simplified three-dimensional unsteady simulation of plasma-assisted combustion of gaseous fuel in a supersonic airflow. Simulation was performed by using FlowVision CFD software. Analysis of experimental geometry show that it has essentially 3D nature that conditioned by the discrete fuel injection into the flow as well as by the presence of the localized plasma filaments. Study proposes a variant of modeling geometry simplification based on symmetry of the aerodynamic duct and periodicity of the spatial inhomogeneities. Testing of modified FlowVision $k–\varepsilon$ turbulence model named «KEFV» was performed for supersonic flow conditions. Based on that detailed grid without wall functions was used the field of heat and near fuel injection area and surfaces remote from the key area was modeled with using of wall functions, that allowed us to significantly reduce the number of cells of the computational grid. Two steps significantly simplified a complex problem of the hydrocarbon fuel ignition by means of plasma generation. First, plasma formations were simulated by volumetric heat sources and secondly, fuel combustion is reduced to one brutto reaction. Calibration and parametric optimization of the fuel injection into the supersonic flow for IADT-50 JIHT RAS wind tunnel is made by means of simulation using FlowVision CFD software. Study demonstrates a rather good agreement between the experimental schlieren photo of the flow with fuel injection and synthetical one. Modeling of the flow with fuel injection and plasma generation for the facility T131 TSAGI combustion chamber geometry demonstrates a combustion mode for the set of experimental parameters. Study emphasizes the importance of the computational mesh adaptation and spatial resolution increasing for the volumetric heat sources that model electric discharge area. A reasonable qualitative agreement between experimental pressure distribution and modeling one confirms the possibility of limited application of such simplified modeling for the combustion in high-speed flow.

А new cloud center of parallel computing is to be created in the Laboratory of Information Technologies (LIT) of the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research JINR) what is expected to improve significantly the efficiency of numerical calculations and expedite the receipt of new physically meaningful results due to the more rational use of computing resources. To optimize a scheme of parallel computations at a cloud environment it is necessary to test this scheme for various combinations of equipment parameters (processor speed and numbers, throughput оf а communication network etc). As a test problem, the parallel MPI algorithm for calculations of the long Josephson junctions (LDJ) is chosen. Problems of evaluating the impact of abovementioned factors of computing mean on the computing speed of the test problem are solved by simulation with the simulation program SyMSim developed in LIT.

The simulation of the LDJ calculations in the cloud environment enable users without a series of test to find the optimal number of CPUs with a certain type of network run the calculations in a real computer environment. This can save significant computational time in countable resources. The main parameters of the model were obtained from the results of the computational experiment conducted on a special cloud-based testbed. Computational experiments showed that the pure computation time decreases in inverse proportion to the number of processors, but depends significantly on network bandwidth. Comparison of results obtained empirically with the results of simulation showed that the simulation model correctly simulates the parallel calculations performed using the MPI-technology. Besides it confirms our recommendation: for fast calculations of this type it is needed to increase both, — the number of CPUs and the network throughput at the same time. The simulation results allow also to invent an empirical analytical formula expressing the dependence of calculation time by the number of processors for a fixed system configuration. The obtained formula can be applied to other similar studies, but requires additional tests to determine the values of variables.