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This paper is dedicated to the analysis of medical and biological data obtained through locomotor training and testing of astronauts conducted both on Earth and during spaceflight. These experiments can be described as the astronaut’s movement on a treadmill according to a predefined regimen in various speed modes. During these modes, not only the speed is recorded but also a range of parameters, including heart rate, ground reaction force, and others, are collected. In order to analyze the dynamics of the astronaut’s condition over an extended period, it is necessary to perform a qualitative segmentation of their movement modes to independently assess the target metrics. This task becomes particularly relevant in the development of an autonomous life support system for astronauts that operates without direct supervision from Earth. The segmentation of target data is complicated by the presence of various anomalies, such as deviations from the predefined regimen, arbitrary and varying duration of mode transitions, hardware failures, and other factors. The paper includes a detailed review of several contemporary retrospective (offline) nonparametric methods for detecting multiple changepoints, which refer to sudden changes in the properties of the observed time series occurring at unknown moments. Special attention is given to algorithms and statistical measures that determine the homogeneity of the data and methods for detecting change points. The paper considers approaches based on dynamic programming and sliding window methods. The second part of the paper focuses on the numerical modeling of these methods using characteristic examples of experimental data, including both “simple” and “complex” speed profiles of movement. The analysis conducted allowed us to identify the preferred methods, which will be further evaluated on the complete dataset. Preference is given to methods that ensure the closeness of the markup to a reference one, potentially allow the detection of both boundaries of transient processes, as well as are robust relative to internal parameters.

The gas-dynamics approach to the calculation of the aerodynamic characteristics of modern aircraft makes it necessary to consider the complex and extensive set of tasks requiring the development of new methods for their solution. Drag coefficient for two bodies in subsonic and transonic flow regimes was calculated using ANSYS Fluent software. Numeric solution and results of the experiment are in good agreement; calculation error does not exceed 3 %.

Modeling the fight against terrorist, pirate and robbery acts at sea is an urgent scientific task due to the prevalence of force acts and the insufficient number of works on this issue. The actions of pirates and terrorists are diverse. Using a base ship, they can attack ships up to 450–500 miles from the coast. Having chosen the target, they pursue it and use the weapons to board the ship. Actions to free a ship captured by pirates or terrorists include: blocking the ship, predicting where pirates might be on the ship, penetrating (from board to board, by air or from under water) and cleaning up the ship’s premises. An analysis of the special literature on the actions of pirates and terrorists showed that the act of force (and actions to neutralize it) consists of two stages: firstly, blocking the vessel, which consists in forcing it to stop, and secondly, neutralizing the team (terrorist groups, pirates), including penetration of a ship (ship) and its cleaning. The stages of the cycle are matched by indicators — the probability of blocking and the probability of neutralization. The variables of the act of force model are the number of ships (ships, boats) of the attackers and defenders, as well as the strength of the capture group of the attackers and the crew of the ship - the victim of the attack. Model parameters (indicators of naval and combat superiority) were estimated using the maximum likelihood method using an international database of incidents at sea. The values of these parameters are 7.6–8.5. Such high values of superiority parameters reflect the parties' ability to act in force acts. An analytical method for calculating excellence parameters is proposed and statistically substantiated. The following indicators are taken into account in the model: the ability of the parties to detect the enemy, the speed and maneuverability characteristics of the vessels, the height of the vessel and the characteristics of the boarding equipment, the characteristics of weapons and protective equipment, etc. Using the Becker model and the theory of discrete choice, the probability of failure of the force act is estimated. The significance of the obtained models for combating acts of force in the sea space lies in the possibility of quantitative substantiation of measures to protect the ship from pirate and terrorist attacks and deterrence measures aimed at preventing attacks (the presence of armed guards on board the ship, assistance from warships and helicopters).

Epidemic models are widely used to mimic social activity, such as spreading of rumors or panic. Simultaneously, models of excitable media are traditionally used to simulate the propagation of activity. Spreading of activity in the virtual community was simulated within two models: the SIRS epidemic model and the Wiener – Rosenblut model of the excitable media. We used network versions of these models. The network was assumed to be heterogeneous, namely, each element of the network has an individual set of characteristics, which corresponds to different psychological types of community members. The structure of a virtual network relies on an appropriate scale-free network. Modeling was carried out on scale-free networks with various values of the average degree of vertices. Additionally, a special case was considered, namely, a complete graph corresponding to a close professional group, when each member of the group interacts with each. Participants in a virtual community can be in one of three states: 1) potential readiness to accept certain information; 2) active interest to this information; 3) complete indifference to this information. These states correspond to the conditions that are usually used in epidemic models: 1) susceptible to infection, 2) infected, 3) refractory (immune or death due to disease). A comparison of the two models showed their similarity both at the level of main assumptions and at the level of possible modes. Distribution of activity over the network is similar to the spread of infectious diseases. It is shown that activity in virtual networks may experience fluctuations or decay.

The paper proposes a set of fairly simple analysis algorithms that can be used to analyze a wide range of protein-protein interactions. In this work, we jointly use the methods of Brownian and molecular dynamics to describe the process of formation of a complex of plastocyanin and cytochrome f proteins in higher plants. In the diffusion-collision complex, two clusters of structures were revealed, the transition between which is possible with the preservation of the position of the center of mass of the molecules and is accompanied only by a rotation of plastocyanin by 134 degrees. The first and second clusters of structures of collisional complexes differ in that in the first cluster with a positively charged region near the small domain of cytochrome f, only the “lower” plastocyanin region contacts, while in the second cluster, both negatively charged regions. The “upper” negatively charged region of plastocyanin in the first cluster is in contact with the amino acid residue of lysine K122. When the final complex is formed, the plastocyanin molecule rotates by 69 degrees around an axis passing through both areas of electrostatic contact. With this rotation, water is displaced from the regions located near the cofactors of the molecules and formed by hydrophobic amino acid residues. This leads to the appearance of hydrophobic contacts, a decrease in the distance between the cofactors to a distance of less than 1.5 nm, and further stabilization of the complex in a position suitable for electron transfer. Characteristics such as contact matrices, rotation axes during the transition between states, and graphs of changes in the number of contacts during the modeling process make it possible to determine the key amino acid residues involved in the formation of the complex and to reveal the physicochemical mechanisms underlying this process.

A numerical simulation of fluid flow in a blood pump was performed using the FlowVision software package. This test problem, provided by the Center for Devices and Radiological Health of the US. Food and Drug Administration, involved considering fluid flow according to several design modes. At the same time for each case of calculation a certain value of liquid flow rate and rotor speed was set. Necessary data for calculations in the form of exact geometry, flow conditions and fluid characteristics were provided to all research participants, who used different software packages for modeling. Numerical simulations were performed in FlowVision for six calculation modes with the Newtonian fluid and standard $k-\varepsilon$ turbulence model, in addition, the fifth mode with the $k-\omega$ SST turbulence model and with the Caro rheological fluid model were performed. In the first stage of the numerical simulation, the convergence over the mesh was investigated, on the basis of which a final mesh with a number of cells of the order of 6 million was chosen. Due to the large number of cells, in order to accelerate the study, part of the calculations was performed on the Lomonosov-2 cluster. As a result of numerical simulation, we obtained and analyzed values of pressure difference between inlet and outlet of the pump, velocity between rotor blades and in the area of diffuser, and also, we carried out visualization of velocity distribution in certain cross-sections. For all design modes there was compared the pressure difference received numerically with the experimental data, and for the fifth calculation mode there was also compared with the experiment by speed distribution between rotor blades and in the area of diffuser. Data analysis has shown good correlation of calculation results in FlowVision with experimental results and numerical simulation in other software packages. The results obtained in FlowVision for solving the US FDA test suggest that FlowVision software package can be used for solving a wide range of hemodynamic problems.

The theoretical study of consensus makes it possible to analyze the various situations that social groups that make decisions in this way have to face in real life, abstracting from the specific characteristics of the groups. It is relevant for practice to study the dynamics of a social group consisting of loyal experts who, in the process of seeking consensus, yield to each other. In this case, psychological “traps” such as false consensus or groupthink are possible, which can sometimes lead to managerial decisions with dire consequences.

The article builds a mathematical consensus model for a group of loyal experts based on modeling using regular Markov chains. Analysis of the model showed that with an increase in the loyalty (decrease in authoritarianism) of group members, the time to reach consensus increases exponentially (the number of agreements increases), which is apparently due to the lack of desire among experts to take part of the responsibility for the decision being made. An increase in the size of such a group leads (ceteris paribus):

– to reduce the number of approvals to consensus in the conditions of striving for absolute loyalty of members, i. e. each additional loyal member adds less and less “strength” to the group;

– to a logarithmic increase in the number of approvals in the context of an increase in the average authoritarianism of members. It is shown that in a small group (two people), the time for reaching consensus can increase by more than 10 times compared to a group of 5 or more members), in the group there is a transfer of responsibility for making decisions.

It is proved that in the case of a group of two absolutely loyal members, consensus is unattainable.

A reasonable conclusion is made that consensus in a group of loyal experts is a special (special) case of consensus, since the dependence of the time until consensus is reached on the authoritarianism of experts and their number in the group is described by different curves than in the case of a regular group of experts.

The paper addresses the problem of modeling the formation and propagation of panic states in social groups with relatively stable structures of interpersonal interactions. Panic is interpreted as a nonlinear process of emotional contagion arising from the interaction between individual psychological characteristics and collective effects within a social environment. In contrast to models focused on the spatial dynamics of moving crowds, the proposed approach concentrates on quasi-stationary interaction networks that reflect informational and emotional contacts among individuals.

The developed discrete network dynamical system integrates individual temperament parameters (sanguine, choleric, phlegmatic, melancholic), the structure of social connections, and nonlinear mechanisms of collective behavior. The individual dynamics of panic are described using an S-shaped growth function, which ensures boundedness of the emotional arousal level and captures the stages of its formation and saturation. Social influence is modeled on a graph of interpersonal interactions (an Erdos –Renyi random network) through local contacts between individuals.

Additionally, the model incorporates the effects of collective contagion and avalanche-like amplification driven by the average panic level in the group, as well as a baseline stress factor depending on group size. Numerical simulation is implemented in a discrete iterative form, allowing for the analysis of both individual and group panic trajectories. A quantitative indicator of the panic propagation rate is introduced, defined by the time required for the group to reach a state close to full panic.

A comparative analysis of heterogeneous and homogeneous groups is conducted, demonstrating that group heterogeneity significantly accelerates panic propagation due to inter-temperament interactions: highly excitable individuals act as initiators of emotional contagion, while more stable individuals partially dampen its dynamics. The evaluation of the model quality using the coefficient of determination shows a high degree of consistency within the simulation data.

The practical significance of the work lies in the potential application of the model for analyzing the resilience of social groups to panic states, assessing risks at mass events, and developing intelligent systems for monitoring collective behavior. Future research directions include extending the model to account for directed and dynamic networks, as well as its calibration based on empirical data.

In neuroscience, the study of odor coding mechanisms requires the analysis of spatial activation patterns of olfactory structures (glomeruli) reconstructed from multiphoton microscopy data. However, the lack of a formal statistical framework for analyzing population-level summary maps limits result reproducibility and hinders the development of predictive models. To address these limitations, we developed a novel methodology for the analysis of olfactory activity maps aggregated across multiple animals, based on the theory of unmarked spatial point processes. The methodology includes a data preprocessing procedure and a numerical analysis algorithm implemented in the R environment using the spatstat package.

The proposed approach enables: (1) transformation of raw glomerular activity maps into point patterns while preserving information about glomerular sizes (replacing size information with local point density is a methodological compromise reflecting the “functional weight” of glomerular input); (2) analysis of point patterns based on spatial morphometric characteristics of domains — regions of stable glomerular activation in the olfactory bulb, each approximated by an ellipse, with ellipse parameters (center coordinates in stereotaxic space, major and minor axis lengths, orientation angles), areas, and intra-ellipse point densities reflecting odorant-specific response signatures; (3) statistical hypothesis testing for spatial randomness (Complete Spatial Randomness) using Ripley’s $K$-function, the nearest-neighbor G-function, and Monte Carlo simulations; (4) synthesis of a parametric pairwise interaction model (Strauss process), whose parameters $(r_{PI}, \gamma)$ have a clear biological interpretation — the spatial interaction scale of glomeruli and the strength of response comodulation, respectively.

The methodology was validated using experimental data obtained from 24 laboratory rats: 10 animals stimulated with camphor and 14 with methyl benzoate. The fitted Strauss models yielded close but odorant-specific parameters: interaction radii $r_{PI}$ of 150 $\mu$m (camphor) and 120 μm (methyl benzoate); interaction parameters $gamma$ of 0.95 and 0.89, respectively. The total domain areas (0.60 mm² and 0.73 mm²) and point densities (38 and 43 points/mm²) calculated at the first stage of analysis are fully consistent with the parametric signatures $(r_{PI}, \gamma)$ of the Strauss model. Model validation using $Q$-$Q$ plots of smoothed residuals confirmed their adequacy.

Our results are consistent with data previously obtained using genetic labeling and functional mapping techniques, demonstrating the correctness of the proposed methodology and the effectiveness of multiphoton laser scanning microscopy for such applications. The proposed framework provides reproducible quantitative assessment of glomerular domains within a unified stereotaxic coordinate system and can be extended to other odorants and biological species. All findings were obtained under anesthesia; extrapolation to active olfactory strategies in awake animals requires further investigation.

Non-smooth optimization often arises in many applied problems. The issues of developing efficient computational procedures for such problems in high-dimensional spaces are very topical. First-order methods (subgradient methods) are well applicable here, but in fairly general situations they lead to low speed guarantees for large-scale problems. One of the approaches to this type of problem can be to identify a subclass of non-smooth problems that allow relatively optimistic results on the rate of convergence. For example, one of the options for additional assumptions can be the condition of a sharp minimum, proposed in the late 1960s by B. T. Polyak. In the case of the availability of information about the minimal value of the function for Lipschitz-continuous problems with a sharp minimum, it turned out to be possible to propose a subgradient method with a Polyak step-size, which guarantees a linear rate of convergence in the argument. This approach made it possible to cover a number of important applied problems (for example, the problem of projecting onto a convex compact set). However, both the condition of the availability of the minimal value of the function and the condition of a sharp minimum itself look rather restrictive. In this regard, in this paper, we propose a generalized condition for a sharp minimum, somewhat similar to the inexact oracle proposed recently by Devolder – Glineur – Nesterov. The proposed approach makes it possible to extend the class of applicability of subgradient methods with the Polyak step-size, to the situation of inexact information about the value of the minimum, as well as the unknown Lipschitz constant of the objective function. Moreover, the use of local analogs of the global characteristics of the objective function makes it possible to apply the results of this type to wider classes of problems. We show the possibility of applying the proposed approach to strongly convex nonsmooth problems, also, we make an experimental comparison with the known optimal subgradient method for such a class of problems. Moreover, there were obtained some results connected to the applicability of the proposed technique to some types of problems with convexity relaxations: the recently proposed notion of weak $\beta$-quasi-convexity and ordinary quasiconvexity. Also in the paper, we study a generalization of the described technique to the situation with the assumption that the $\delta$-subgradient of the objective function is available instead of the usual subgradient. For one of the considered methods, conditions are found under which, in practice, it is possible to escape the projection of the considered iterative sequence onto the feasible set of the problem.